Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. His spies and informers were everywhere. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. I'm beginning to wonder if all of the kings beginning with the conquest weren't a little off their rocker in some way. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Old rivalries simmered, however. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. Henry VII was born in Pembroke Castle , Wales, on January 28 th, 1457. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. It is a sobering reflection for professional historians that the apparently unpromising territory of Henry's reign has recently produced two memorable books, both of them written outside their ranks: this one, and Ann Wroe's biography of the pretender, Perkin (2003), a longer work on a shorter subject. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. Poor Henry VII. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. This meant that Henry had been the rightful King in the battle and that Richard had been the usurper, and those who supported him had been traitors. One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. Up to a point, he succeeded. The Lancastrian Henry and his Yorkist wife Elizabeth strove to reconcile the factions, but unreconciled Yorkists, to whom he was no more than a usurper, harassed his reign. Penn pointed out that for over half a century no king had passed on the crown without turmoil and Henry knew that what had happened to Richard could happen to him. Updates? He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. He had unified the kingdom, accrued immense wealth and created the most notorious dynasty in English history: the Tudors. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. His spies and informers were everywhere. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. - and that was only about 50% of the book, it was only about 50% interesting to me. ||sitemap_index.xml Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Its inhabitant was once one of England's most exuberant kings, yet his resting place was only re-discovered in 1813. Henry VII: The Winter King. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. But, his enemies didnt agree. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. All the information is from Thomas Penn. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. Henry VII is actually a less familiar figure, despite being the same person. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . He spent money lavishly, held big parties. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. 3.5 Stars. Well written and really interesting about an often ignored king. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Early life Both were survivors and as united in death as in life, as their tomb in Westminster Abbey illustrates. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. Yet Henry's techniques of power went beyond the needs of surveillance and survival. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. [46] In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. Thomas Mores coronation poem for Henry VIII contrasted the new Kings reign with the dark days of the past. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. Prince Arthur was born just eight months after his parents marriage, at Winchester, the seat of King Arthurs Camelot. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. Yet in the hands of a narrator as accomplished as Penn, the reign acquires its own, troubling fascination. It was 1501. Blair Worden's The English Civil Wars is published by Phoenix. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. He was the last king of England to win . His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. 4. Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. of course, a large proportion of my opinion is probably due to the fact that i knew a lot about henry vii already, and Penn tried to create quite a thrilling/mysterious feel, which is all well and good if you don't already know how everything plays out. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. Backdating Henry's Reign. Happy St Davids Day! I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. Henry was devastated. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. [citation needed], By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! [29] Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. 1845. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! This is why he named the book the "Winter King". He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie.
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