Boston Spa, Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Write a paragraph or two. They began to revolt against the Spanish. 214 High Street, The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Use your outline Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Save. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Boston House, Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. France was at war with England and Spain. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Continue with Recommended Cookies. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. 214 High Street, Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. (*fragmentary*). Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. She was a Protestant. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. 214 High Street, There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. First English colony in Virginia established. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. From there we will look at the career . The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth I: a biography. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. . A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Spanish invasion plans. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Mary was spared. 1558 -french threat. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. It had to deal with Irish . Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. . Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Best Answer. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? - rebelling of scottish lords. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. One was debt. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Dedicated to. Boston House, Why was France a threat? Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Died: 24 March 1603. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. 14-16 / The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Boston House, Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The invasion failed, however. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Manage Settings Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Henry himself gave people cause . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Boston Spa, James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. West Yorkshire, The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). King Philip of Spain sent an. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest.
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