Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). No Way! Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. The term streaming is typically used to apply to formal processes of splitting students into ability groupings and is usually discussed in a manner that focuses on the individual student. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. What group(s) were you in? As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. Goths, skaters, punks, headbangers, and emos are all names given to groups that have been found within adolescent peer groups in schools, all of which are oriented around particular tastes in music and fashion. The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). 10. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. 1. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. As noted by Sussman et al. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Mathematics and science, for example, are subjects in which males have historically outperformed females. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. But curriculum is just one aspect. As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. 9. How do relationships with teachers influence the socialization of students? American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. Tom Lee. Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. 2004). The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. 2007). Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Identify how the role of the family differs from the role of the school in the socialization process. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. Give examples of how each works. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. Box 6.5 Declining Male Performance in ReadingA Moral Panic? The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example.
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