Beale, Nick, Ferdinando D'Amico and Gabriele Valentini. [51] The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low-powered, 670–700 PS (660–690 HP) Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. Several aircraft were produced with an engine-mounted machine gun but it was very unreliable, most likely because of engine vibrations and overheating. [56], The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid-1942. [2][3] Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. This became a distinguishing feature between Erla-built G-10s and those of other factories. A few G-1 flown by I./JG 1 are known to have carried the underwing 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon gondolas.[64]. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing-loading. Initial prototype versions were symmetrical, but as larger superchargers were fitted, the engines required modified upper engine bearers to clear the supercharger housing, and as a result the final shape of the new cowling was asymmetrical, being enlarged on the port side where the supercharger was mounted on the DB engine. Armour and armament were otherwise similar to the K-6.[110]. And in the acrobatics manoeuver, you could spin with the 109, and go very easy out of the spin. Initially, two external stiffening plates were screwed onto the outer fuselage on each side, and later the entire structure was reinforced. All K-4s were to be fitted with a long retractable tail wheel (350 mm × 135 mm (13.8 in × 5.3 in)) with two small clamshell doors covering the recess when the tail-wheel was retracted. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order.[8]. From the spring of 1943, the G-series saw the appearance of bulges in the cowling when the 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 were replaced with 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns (G-5 onwards) due to the latter's much larger breechblock, and on the wings (due to larger tyres), leading to the Bf 109 G-6's nickname "Die Beule" ("The Bulge"). [19][20] A total of 1,276 E-3 were built, including 83 E-3a export versions.[12][13]. In 1942, it began to be partially replaced in Western Europe by a new German fighter, the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, but it continued to serve in a multitude of roles on the Eastern Front and in the Defense of the Reich, as well as in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations and with Erwin Rommel's Afrikakorps. [17] It also employed an electrical pitch regulator, which our planes didn't have. Long-range photo-reconnaissance variants also existed. It had a strong engine, and a small, narrow-tread undercarriage. Avia S-199 Avia S-199 at Muzeyon Heyl ha-Avir, Hatzerim, Israel Role … Bf 109s remained in foreign service for many years after World War II. 21 rockets (as on the Gustav models) could be carried after minimal preparation; the latter two were rarely used by Bf 109 units at this stage of the war, although III./JG 26 were almost completely equipped with K-4s which were fitted with R IV: ...apparently all of the K-4s supplied to III./JG 26 were also equipped with 20 mm-guns in the hated underwing tubs. It was a GermanWorld War IIaircraft. The most-produced Bf 109 model was the 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G-6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). A new radiator, shallower but wider than that fitted to the E was developed. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. [37], Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B.F.W.,[38] akin to BMW) during 1935. Pg. The enlarged propeller spinner, adapted from that of the new Messerschmitt Me 210, now blended smoothly into the new engine cowling. 9–10. 41–45, 63–64, 76–81, 82–83. [77] Though no official "ace" status existed in the Luftwaffe - the term Experte (expert) was used for an experienced pilot irrespective of his number of kills - using the Allied definition of pilots who scored five or more kills, more than 2,500 Luftwaffe fighter pilots were considered aces in World War II. The G-8 often had only the Motorkanone engine cannon or the cowling machine guns installed, and there were several subversions for short- or long-range reconnaissance missions with a wide variety of cameras and radios available for use. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. Bf 109 G-10/U4. [74] The G-5 with a pressurized cockpit was identical to the G-6. Due to the Messerschmitt Bf 109's versatility and time in service with the German and foreign air forces, numerous variants were produced in Germany to serve for over eight years with the Luftwaffe. 10 von 01.01.1939 (Deliveries up to 31.12.1938), RLM Lieferplan Nr. Affiliation. They were replaced in frontline service by Soviet jets in 1952, but flew on as trainers for another five years. [62], From the Bf 109 G-5 on an enlarged wooden tail unit (identifiable by a taller vertical stabilizer and rudder with a morticed balance tab, rather than the angled shape) was often fitted. The "F" model was planned to include structural and aerodynamic changes and a higher performance powerplant, the 1350 horsepower DB 601E. [78] In emergency, the tubes could be jettisoned via a small explosive charge. Luftwaffe. The cannon breech was mounted in front of the firewall and behind the engine cylinder banks. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. These received some structural improvements and more powerful armament. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. The creation of machines like the Bf109 was part of this rearmament. The only problems occurred during takeoff. [107], Using MW 50 and maximum boost the Bf 109 K-4 was the fastest 109 of World War II, reaching a maximum speed of 710 km/h (440 mph) at 7,500 m (24,600 ft) altitude. In September 1944, in connection with the release of the war on the side of Germany, the Finns had to remove German tactical "Eastern front" … 21 rocket was unofficially known as the BR 21 (Bordrakete 21 cm) for the Bf 109G-5, G-6 and G-14. [15], In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. Osché, Philippe (translated by Patrick Laureau). This tail unit was standardised on G-10s and K-4s. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke-Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. These were modified Bf 109G-14s, the latter with the inferior Junkers Jumo 211F engine, which resulted in an aircraft with remarkably poor handling characteristics and a tendency to crash during landings. [11], A total of 58 Bf 109Cs of all versions were built by Messerschmitt.[8][9]. [citation needed], "The 109 was a dream, the non plus ultra. Cross and Scarborough 1976, pp. As the BMW 801 radial engine became available, a Bf 109F, Werknummer 5608, callsign D-ITXP was converted with a BMW 801 A-0. With the location of the production sites, the Allied bombers were able to attempt "precise" air strikes. [78] The weapons system received the designation of Rüstsatz VII on the G-10. It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine-mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl-mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine-mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. [75] The G-5/AS was equipped with a DB 605AS engine for high-altitude missions. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second, or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. Armour weight was increased to 90 kg (200 lb). [83] Top speed was 568 km/h (353 mph) at sea level, and 665 km/h (413 mph) at 5 km (16,400 ft) altitude. These six … Originally conceived as an interceptor, later models were developed to fulfill multiple tasks, serving as bomber escort, fighter-bombe… [4][5], The first Bf 109 in serial production, the Bf 109 B-1, was fitted with the 670 PS (661 hp, 493 kW) Jumo 210D engine driving a two-bladed fixed-pitch propeller. Made by Messerschmitt, it first flew in 1935, and was used by the Luftwaffeduring the Spanish Civil Warand throughout World War II. [12][13] Messerschmitt is listed as having produced only four Bf 109Ds, probably the D-0 preproduction series with the serial production transferred to the licensed manufacturers. With a low wing-loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G-series but those did not change the aircraft title. In addition, the angled armour plate for the pilot's head was replaced by a vertical piece which sealed-off the rear of the side-hinged cockpit canopy. Several Bf 109Ds were sold to Hungary. The DB 605D was a one-off prototype engine developed from the DB 605A using internal modifications to raise its altitude rating. This version was rarely armed with anything more than one or two cowling machine guns. A radio-navigational method, the Y-Verführung (Y-Guidance) was introduced with the FuG 16ZY.[81]. The C-0s were pre-production aircraft, the C-1 was the production version, and the C-2 was an experimental version with an engine-mounted machine gun. Maximum speed was 750 km/h (470 mph) at 10,100 m (33,140 ft). In August 1940, II./JG 27 was operating this type. The ASM engine was built with a larger capacity supercharger, and had a higher rated altitude, and correspondingly the top speed of the G-14/AS was 560 km/h (348 mph) at sea level, and 680 km/h (422 mph) at 7.5 km (24,600 ft) altitude. [8] Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about 522 kW (700 hp). The Bf 109TL received intensive research. Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-4 General view of the aircraft in RAF Museum's Battle of Britain Hall. Most of the torsional strength of the shaft is in the outermost part. The following variants of the G-1 and G-2 were produced: In September 1942, the G-4 appeared; this version was identical to the G-2 in all aspects, including performance, except for being fitted with the FuG 16 VHF radio set, which provided much clearer radio transmissions and had three-times the range of the earlier HF sets. It was designed by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser who worked at Bayerische Flugzeugwerke during the early to mid-1930s. [10] The 109C was powered by a 700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW) Jumo 210G engine with direct fuel injection. Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low-weight, low-drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. The E-2 was a limited-run mark bringing with it 1 x cannon in the nose as well as 2 x cannons at the wings and 2 x machine guns in the engine cowling. Armament was initially planned to be just two cowl-mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns. 99–100, 113–114. The 1,350 PS (1,332 hp, 993 kW) DB 601 E was used in the F-3 and F-4 model together with a VDM 9-12010 propeller with broader blades for improved altitude performance. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver 1,230 kW (1,650 hp) for short periods. [77] Many of the aerial victories were accomplished against poorly trained and badly organized Soviet forces in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa. Some E-4 and later models received a further improved 1,175 PS (1,159 hp, 864 kW) DB601N high-altitude engine; known as the E-4/N; owing to priority being given to equipping Bf 110s with this engine, one fighter gruppe was converted to this version, starting in July 1940. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page.[39]. [115], Experimental version of Bf 109G-2/R1 with extra landing gear, one ventral 250 kg bomb and two drop tanks under wings, After the war, some Bf 109s were produced in Czechoslovakia as the Avia S-99 and Avia S-199. Four variants of this aircraft were proposed. It was a light all-metal monocoque design with the rudder being covered with cloth. "Developing Power: Daimler-Benz and the Messerschmitt Bf 109.". There was increasing tendency to use plywood on some less vital parts e.g. Compared to the earlier Bf 109 E, the Bf 109 F was much improved aerodynamically. [87] The radio antenna mast was also removed from atop the rear fuselage turtledeck, and replaced with a standard late-war Luftwaffe ventral whip aerial antenna under the wing. It was found that the performance of the T-2 was closely comparable to the E-4/N and, because of its ability to take off and land in shorter distances, these fighters were assigned to I/JG.77, deployed in Norway on landing strips which were both short and subject to frequent, powerful cross-winds. [16] The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, when the V1 prototype was flown. [25] A total of 438 E-7s of all variants were built. These were designated F-4/R1 and 240 of them were produced by WNF in the first quarter of 1942. 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