She is currently Marshall L. Berkman Professor of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, as well as a member of Harvards Graduate School of Education and Director of the universitys Laboratory for Developmental Studies. As a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as: Sensation and perception; Motivated behavior (hunger, thirst, sex); Control of movement; Learning and memory; Sleep and biological rhythms; Emotions. Generalizing from such laboratory studies, Loftus concluded that human memories are constantly being reconstructed, and hence are far more malleable and open to suggestion than previously thought. The Posner cueing task enables very precise measurement of reaction times using a special visual field chart he developed that interacts with the EOG device. research methods, psychodynamic, humanism, cognitive psychology, behaviorism, and biological psychology. Her work has been extraordinarily wide-ranging, analyzing from an evolutionary point of view everything from the psychology of cooperation, coalition and friendship formation, incest avoidance, and autism, to threat interpretation, predator-prey relationships, visual attention, statistical reasoning, and multiple memory systems. Mary Whiton Calkins Donald T. Campbell Susan Carey James Cattell, helped establish psychology as a legitimate science Raymond Cattell, factor analysis, 16PF Questionnaire and the Big Five, fluid versus crystallized intelligence Stephen J. Ceci, intelligence and memory Jean-Martin Charcot Nancy Chodorow Noam Chomsky, Linguistics, Cognitive Science For these reasons, psychology as an academic discipline is exceptionally diverse. Busss particular contribution to this discourse has been a theory of sexual competition and selection to explain well-known features of human sexuality. Wundt is widely considered to be the "Father of Psychology" because he established formal psychology as a science rather than an extension of philosophy or biology. The focus of his doctoral work was on the treatment of phobias and general anxiety states. He has also been heavily involved in the field of psychological measurement, having helped design a number of widely used tests, including the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CN REP), the Speed and Capacity of Language Processing Test (SCOLP), and the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test(RBMT). She received her bachelors degree in psychology and philosophy in 1975 from McGill University, and her doctorate in experimental psychology in 1980 from Oxford University. (The hippocampus is a structure within the limbic system of the brain, between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.) Posner was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1936. In more narrowly targeted research, she has studied the effects that first impressions have on interpersonal interactions and how people in organizational hierarchies evaluate each other, as well as the accuracy of the impressions of other people that subjects within such structures form. She is currently University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, where she heads up the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory(IASL). The IASL also employs the latest in high-tech brain-imaging techniques. In recent years, Kagan has turned his attention to a series of problems he finds with the psychological profession itself, including: disregarding the difference in settings in which experimental studies are conducted; basing theories and practices on single measures, rather than complex, multi-dimensional measurements; defining mental illnesses on the basis of symptoms without regard for etiology; and treating disorders with drugs that are non-specific for the disorder. The field comprises a spectrum which merges at one end with soft disciplines like ethnology, sociology, and the helping professions, and at the other end with hard disciplines like genetics, endocrinology, and neuroscience. Francisco Javier Varela Garcia (1946-2001) Francisco Garcia was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist. He is the recipient of many grants, fellowships, awards, lectureships, editorships, and honorary degrees. In another example, Ekman has done extensive work on the differences between spontaneous (genuine) and simulated (deceptive) emotions which may be detected in facial expressions. These findings were revolutionary in several respects, not least in light of their cross-modal character (vision and proprioception), which implied the existence of a highly developed innate cognitive faculty in newborns. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he worked closely with neuroscientist John OKeeffe, whom he had known in graduate school and who was then based at University College London, on the role of the hippocampus in memory formation. One of his papers, The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail[4]which argues that we mostly make moral judgments on an intuitive basis, reserving moral reasoning for the ex post facto justification of decisions already made-has been cited more than 6000 times. He entered the University of Birmingham Medical School in 1950, and received his qualifications to practice medicine in the UK (MRCS and LRCP) in 1955. Similarly, evolutionary theory suggests that our personality comes from an environment that favors certain traits over time. Patients suffering from BPD present with extremely volatile emotions and disturbed thinking, without crossing the line into full-blown schizophrenia-hence the notion that they occupy a borderline between neurosis and psychosis. Geoffrey Miller, What Should We Be Worried About? He received his bachelors degree in 1957 from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in 1962 from Duke University. Gopnik is the author or co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of six books. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. Studying the effects of brain injuries and mental illnesses in human behavior. It was only after these experiences that he decided to pursue his higher education in psychology, as already outlined above. He currently holds the Job and Gertrud Tamaki Endowed Chair at the University of Washington, where he is also Professor of Psychology and Co-Director of the universitys Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences. Baddeleys work has focused on memory-its structure (working memory, episodic memory, long-term memory) and the neural correlates of these components. Loftuss work has focused on human memory. Sigmund Freud - Freud is perhaps the most well-known psychologist in history. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. 1: Attachment. This classification can be summarized by five positive character traits, or virtues, that make for an optimistic and resilient personality (known collectively by the acronym, PERMA), namely: Seligman is the author or co-author of around 280 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of some 20 books. Working together with co-author Christopher Peterson, Seligman developed a taxonomy of character strengths and virtues that he published in 2004 in a book of that name. His further claim that Buddhist meditational practices are an invaluable aid in such mind-training is more controversial, which is the reason why Davidson undertook the studies on the Tibetan monksto supply experimental proof of the beneficial effects of meditation. Here the ten most famous cognitive psychologists. [5] However, the best-known version of dualism is due to Ren Descartes (expressed in his 1641, Meditations on First Philosophy), and holds that the mind is a non-extended, non-physical substance. However, the studies Ekman has carried out to back up these claims have come under sustained criticism. Together, these two features constitute a way of observing ones own emotions as they come and go, without acting on them. In his later years, Fahrenberg also published a number of articles on the history of psychology as a scientific discipline, the philosophy of science, and the conceptual interactions between psychology and philosophy. Indeed, My fascination in studying the human behavior, what factors have played any role into shaping it, the biological, physiological, psychological, historical, and environmental approaches about our existence . With increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, Biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as: Language; Reasoning and decision making; Consciousness. Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. He received his Ph.D. in 1959 from Stanford University, where his dissertation advisor was Leon Festinger. Miller has also been at the forefront of developing the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology, which basically uses the logic of sexual selection to explain many features of modern consumer society, by linking them with high social status in males as a marker of reproductive success. Paul Griffiths argues that evolutionary psychology owes theoretical debt to both sociobiology and ethology (Griffiths 2006; Griffiths 2008). Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. She is currently Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, and Director of that universitys Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. [9] The influential work of Claude Bernard, Charles Bell, and William Harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. In philosophy, the first issues is how to approach what is known as the "mind-body problem," namely the explanation of the relationship, if any, that obtains between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The idea here is that we have an inborn propensity to give certain elements of a category (for example, robin in relation to the category bird) a more central role in drawing the categorys boundaries, while relegating other elements (ostrich) to a more peripheral role. He received his bachelors degree in psychology, sociology, and anthropology summa cum laude in 1954 from Brooklyn College. For example, he has proposed an encoding specificity principle, which states that the retrieval cue involved in recall of an episodic memory must have at least a partial informational overlap with the memory to be retrieved. Miller has argued that the human brain, whose rapid size increase he believes was due to intense sexual selection pressure, is a Fisherian runaway, and that therefore we should be very careful about the effects of our intelligence on our long-term survival. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon, as well as a Member of the Institute of Neuroscience there. He was also knighted for his achievements and was also made a Fellow of The Royal Society. A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. There are various different approaches to contemporary psychology. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (Harper & Row, 1974). He is currently Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan, as well as Director of the Affective Neuroscience and Biopsychology Lab there. 20 April 2015. (OKeeffe went on to win the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his contribution to this research.) Tomasello was born in Bartow, Florida, in 1950. Dualism is a family of views about the relationship between mind and physical matter. He also believed that human beings follow the same trend. Rejoice in how things are. view) that involves certain assumptions (i.e. The IASL positions itself at the crossroads of the sub-fields of social psychology, psychophysiology, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and neuroscience, while also drawing inspiration from such humanistic fields as ethnology and philosophy. Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. There is little that modern psychology can teach us about the deepest wellsprings of the human heart-or, to put it more scientifically, o the nature and causes of human motivation and actionthat has not already been far better expressed by the poets, playwrights, and novelists down through the ages. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. He was among the pioneering cohort of psychologists who rejected the then-reigning theory of behaviorism, which programmatically ignored the mental mediation of behavior. At Harvard, she worked closely with famed evolutionary theorist Robert L. Trivers. Finally, in recent years Diener has begun to explore some of the implications of his findings for politics and public policy, notably in a widely read paper he co-wrote with Martin Seligman (see below), Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being.[3]. Fahrenberg has co-authored some 150 journal articles with other members of the PRG, as well as editing a number of textbooks. Note: Walter Mischel passed on September 12, 2018. Evolutionary psychologists attempt to explain widespread and deep-seated human behaviors in terms of selection pressure in the context of the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)in our case, the African savannah in the Pleistocene era. Berridges work is situated in close proximity to neuroscience, and concentrates on the neural correlates of human conscious affective states-pleasure, pain, joy, sorrow, elation, depression, and so forthas well as learning, decision-making, addictive behavior, and allied topics. Zimbardo was born in New York City in 1933. Csikszentmihlyi has worked almost exclusively in the field of positive psychology-the investigation of the positive human affective states such as pleasure, happiness, joy, love, and creativity. Contemporary biopsychology links psychology and biology. In a nutshell, his main finding is that the objective aspect of peoples lives most strongly correlated with subjective well-being is social ties. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Sternberg is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Latterly, Buss has extended his theorizing to the human propensity for murderous violence. In 1961, he designed the famous (and controversial) Bobo Doll experiment, to demonstrate how aggressive behavior in young children may learned from adults. In Gergens relational view of the self, for example, our sense of self is wholly dependent upon the scope for social action afforded us by our place in society. Description: Too many faves & can't decide? Benedict Carey, Expert on Mental Illness Reveals Her Own Fight (New York Times, Health section, June 23, 2011). He concludes with a list of seven crucial factors present in such situations, including notably anonymity and diffusion of personal responsibility. Next, Haidt turned his attention to developing an empirically based typology of the moral emotions (moral foundations theory). Finally, Rosch also did highly influential theoretical work that sought to clarify the very idea of categorization at a philosophical level. Linehan has written that her Catholic faith played an important role in her own eventual recovery. In Western Philosophy, some of the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. Theme: SPACE - A blend of the SCIENCE set (nerdy astronomy / university student pins) and science fiction with the overlying theme of aliens . Most commonly, these manipulations and measurements concern non-human subjects. While his ideas were often controversial, his concept of the unconscious mind has had a deep and lasting influence on psychology.
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