However, CAHR shows a spread from 12% to 55%. Reliable thin cirrus identification, also in cases of multi-layer clouds, is provided by the IR spectral information, while solar information (day) is more important for a reliable low-level cloud identification. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. However, diurnal variation in cloud physical properties and seasonal variation of optical and microphysical properties show still some inconsistencies. Since there are systematic variations of cloud properties with location on the globe, time of day and season, variations in sampling can introduce changes. Soc., 72, 2–20. Meteor. Cloud Types Cloud Types. Soc., 94, 1034-1049. Cloud properties retrieved from measurements of multi-spectral imagers (ISCCP, PATMOS-x, MODIS-ST, MODIS-CE), IR sounders (HIRS-NOAA, TOVS Path-B, AIRS-LMD), multi-angle multi-spectral imagers (ATSR-GRAPE, MISR, POLDER) and active lidar (CALIPSO-ST, CALIPSO-GOCCP) have been included in the GEWEX Cloud Assessment Database, which provides monthly statistics on 1° latitude x 1° longitude grid in netCDF files arranged by cloud property, year, and observation time of day. These low-level... Cirrus Clouds: All Is Fair (For Now). 2017). Amer. 1. These mid-level clouds are much denser than the similar shaped Cirrostratus clouds found higher up in the atmosphere, meaning they are less transparent and don't allow shadows to be cast on the ground. However, the noise for low-level clouds is larger than for the other clouds because of low radiative contrast and of coarse spatial resolution of these instruments. Chem. The conversion among cloud pressure, temperature and height requires atmospheric temperature profiles from ancillary data, leading to additional uncertainties. Young, 2009: Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms. 2011), which consists of individual simulators, each corresponding to a specific cloud dataset (like for example ISCCP, CALIPSO, MODIS, MISR or CloudSat). [1] Okta is the usual unit of measurement of the cloud cover. They are important components of the cliimate's water and energy budgets. Platnick, S., M. D. King, S. A. Ackerman, W. P. Menzel, B. Cloud amount and height-stratified cloud amount. Remote Sens., 41, 459-473. IR sounders use IR channels along the CO2 absorption band to determine cloud height and emissivity. The PATMOS-x data show improvement in the identification of cirrus. Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds when observed from a particular location. Amer. Atmos. Multi-angle, multi-spectral imagers make measurements of the same scene with different viewing angles, allowing a stereoscopic retrieval of cloud top height. Specific care has been given to the averaging procedure from instantaneous L2 to monthly, gridded L3 cloud products: 1) averaging the original L2 cloud products over each grid cell (1° x 1°) for each specific local time and 2) averaging these grid cell averages over the month. Climate, 19, 5531-5553, Stubenrauch. Walther, A., and A. Heidinger, 2012: Implementation of the Daytime Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties Algorithm (DCOMP) in PATMOS-x. The agreement in the shape of the distributions is generally better over ocean than over land. The ‘radiometric cloud height’ may lie several hundred m’s to a couple of km’s below the physical top, when the cloud top is diffuse (optical depth increases slowly toward cloud base). Climatol., 51, 1371-1390. These agree quite well, when one considers retrieval filtering or possible biases due to partly cloudy pixels and due to ice-water misidentification. Though they vary in shape and size, all clouds are basically formed in the same way through the vertical of air above the condensation level. Machado, L.A.T., and W.B. Cirrus - Cirrus clouds are high level clouds that are thin and wispy. synergy of different variables and data sets provide invaluable potential for improving our understanding of cloud processes, reduction of uncertainties and further advances by analyzing statistics of mesoscale cloud regimes or weather states, organized according to similar distributions in cloud pressure and optical depth, or of cloud systems constructed from individual cloud measurements according to similar height, Biases are scene related (e.g. The global cloud cover averages around 0.68 when analyzing clouds with optical depth larger than 0.1. Res., 108, 10.1029/2002JD002801. Active lidar, IR sounding and IR spectral differences are powerful for thin cirrus identification (with decreasing sensitivity from the former to the latter). In addition, a few other cloud types are found in higher layers of the atmosphere. Types of Clouds – Describe and make examples of the four … Meteor. POLDER), it corresponds to a location even deeper inside the cloud. On the other hand, the long path leads to detection of subvisible (very thin) cirrus. Bulk microphysical properties can be only determined for semi-transparent cirrus. 1), respectively, local differences may reach 0.4 in CA (deserts and mountains) and 40-70% in CAHR and CALR (ITCZ and deserts). Monitoring long-term climate variability is difficult with these data sets. The GEWEX cloud assessment (2005-2012, Stubenrauch et al. Soc., 92, 1023–1043. However, one has to keep in mind that these simulators contain the observation biases identified by the GEWEX cloud assessment and may still include other biases. Since there are systematic variations of cloud properties with location on the globe, time of day and season, variations in sampling can introduce changes that are not driven by climate. They are important components of the cliimate's water and energy budgets. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2310–2323. CA increases to 0.74, when COD > 0.01 (CALIPSO), and decreases to 0.56 for COD > 2 (POLDER). http://climserv.ipsl.polytechnique.fr/gewexca/index-1.html, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00117.1, The GEWEX Cloud Assessment Database, created by the participating teams (see Technical Notes), contains monthly means, variability and distributions of many cloud properties, also stratified by height and thermodynamic phase, Link to description and download of individual datasets that were used in the database (see also Technical Notes), Stubenrauch, C. J., and Coauthors, 2013: Assessment of Global Cloud Datasets from Satellites: Project and Database Initiated by the GEWEX Radiation Panel. Polar stratospheric clouds are located in a layer of the atmosphere called the stratosphere. This type of day includes some clouds and some bright sunshine. Cirrocumulus… The only information provided is about the amount of cloud … Phys., 10, 7197−72, Stubenrauch, C. J., W. B. Rossow, S. Kinne and GEWEX Cloud Assessment Team, 2012: Assessment of Global Cloud Datasets from Satellites, A Project of the World Climate Research Programme Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Radiation Panel, WCRP. This is a 9 page free download half-page printable book. Effective particle sizes (CRE) influences more the spectral behaviour of emitted to reflected radiation, especially for small particles. Cloud cover may also influence temperatures at the surface of the planet. Polar mesospheric clouds, which are also called noctilucent clouds, are located in the atmospheric layer called the mesosphere. COSP: Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package, ISCCP: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, CERES EBAF: Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF), Combined CloudSat spaceborne radar and CALIPSO spaceborne lidar cloud fraction dataset, CLARA-A1: Cloud properties, surface albedo and surface radiation products based on AVHRR, Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud Reports Archive (EECRA) from Ships and Land Stations Over the Globe, Gridded Climatology of Clouds from Surface Observations Worldwide (1971-2008), NCAR | National Center for Atmospheric Research, Figure 1: Illustration of cloud types distinguished by height and morphology, as initially classified by surface observers (Image credit: Valentin de Bruyn), Figure 2: left: The sketch illustrates the cloud height interpretation in the case of optically thin cirrus overlying low-level clouds (less than 20% of all cloudy scenes according to CALIPSO) when using different instruments. Stubenrauch C. and coAuthors: 2013: Assessment of Global Cloud Datasets from Satellites: Project and Database initiated by the GEWEX Radiation Panel. Whereas the lidar is highly sensitive and can even detect sub-visible cirrus, its beam reaches cloud base only for clouds with an optical depth less than 3. The types of clouds in the sky include the stratus, cumulus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, nimbostratus, and cumulonimbus. Cloud cover thus plays an important role in the energetic balance of the atmosphere and a variation of it is a consequence of and to the climate change expected by recent studies. Ferlay, N., F. Thieuleux, C. Cornet, A. 2012), Figure 4: Normalized frequency distributions of CP in tropics (15N-15S), midlatitudes (30°-60°) and polar latitudes (60°-90°), separately over ocean and over land, during daytime. The following was submitted by Dr. Claudia Stebenrauch, CNRS, LMB, France, in June 2018: Cloud properties derived from space observations are extremely valuable for climate studies and model evaluation: Multi-spectral imagers are radiometers that measure reflected, emitted and scattered radiation at a few discrete wavelengths, usually from the solar to thermal infrared spectrum. The cloud cover is correlated to the sunshine duration as the least cloudy locales are the sunniest ones while the cloudiest areas are the least sunny places. 2010) or by more sophisticated ones, like the CFMIP (Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project) Observation Simulator Package (Bodas-Salcedo et al. Since distributions are not Gaussian and averages depend on sub-sampling prior to retrieval, it is strongly recommended to consider normalized frequency distributions of these variables. View More Weather Infographics. This is the reason why average values of CP (CT / CZ) may be ambiguous and why it is better to use, in addition to averages over all clouds, the height-stratified averages of the different cloud properties. This can be achieved either by simple methods (e. g. Hendricks et al. Infrared (day and night) Cloud Tops Alert (day and night) National Geographic Almanac of Geography, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, "Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: Project and Database initiated by GEWEX Radiation Panel", IPCC Third Assessment Report Chapter 7. 2. Active lidar measurements, IR sounding along the CO2 absorption band and methods using IR spectral differences are powerful for thin cirrus identification (with decreasing sensitivity from the former to the latter). Differences in average cloud properties, especially in high-level cloud amount, are mostly explained by instrument performance to detect and/or identify thin cirrus. Observed cloud data cannot necessarily be compared "apples to apples" with cloud properties estimated by climate models; use of cloud simulator packages like COSP is encouraged. J. Geophys. If the cloud cover at a certain point is less than ⅝ of the sky, it is not considered a ceiling. These 10 types of clouds are then characterized into the different altitudes in which they typically are found. Especially high-level clouds in the tropics have such diffusive cloud tops, leading to biases in retrieved cloud top temperature of up to 10 K. According to an analysis of ISCCP and limb-viewing observations of the Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE) (Liao et al. [2], Clouds play multiple critical roles in the climate system. Weather: Typically sunny and cold. The peak position for high-level clouds in the tropics varies from 150 hPa (close to tropopause, PATMOS-X, MODIS-ST, HIRS-NOAA) to 350 hPa (POLDER). The satellite observation era, beginning in the 1980’s and spanning now more than 30 years, allows to capture clouds and their properties over the entire globe and across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Fog is a shallow layer of cloud at or near ground level. From CALIPSO we deduced that these cases constitute about 20% of all clouds, each contributing to an overestimation of about 10% in global CAMR and an underestimation in CAHR by ISCCP. Right: Global averages of total CA, as well as fraction of high-level, midlevel, and low-level cloud amount relative to total cloud amount (CAHR + CAMR + CALR = 1). The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP; Rossow and Schiffer 1991, 1999) adapted this cloud type classification by using cloud top pressure (CP) and optical depth (COD). Cloud optical and bulk microphysical properties. About 40% (COD > 0.1) – 50% (COD > 0.01) of all clouds seen from above are high-level clouds. Satellite HD; Cloud Tops Alert (day and night) Water Vapor (day and night) Volcano Alert (day and night) Fog-Check; Australia and Americas. Also the cloud amount day-night correction has not been applied, leading to a slight degradation of the original data. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. 4 show a bimodal structure, especially in the tropics. Climatol., 51, 1129–1144. Chem, Stubenrauch, C. J., A. Chédin, G. Rädel, N. A. Scott, and S. Serrar, 2006: Cloud properties and their seasonal and diurnal variability from TOVS Path-B. While the global range between these six datasets corresponds to only 0.08 in CA and 20% in CAHR and CALR (Fig. If a number of different layers of cloud are present the partial amount of each one will be reported. Among the cloud types, the most widespread and consistent relationship is found for the extensive marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds (MSC) over the eastern parts of the subtropical oceans. Water evaporates from the ground and condenses in the atmosphere, resulting in a wide variety of cloud shapes: from large, puffy clouds to wispy formations. Wylie, D. P., D. L. Jackson, W. P. Menzel, and J. J. Bates, 2005: Trends in Global Cloud Cover in two Decades of HIRS Observations, J. These clouds signal that it may rain in the next day or so. Cumulus clouds are most noticeable for their fluffy white appearance. Winker, D. M., M. A. Vaughan, A. H. Omar, Y. Hu, K. A. Powell, Z. Liu, W. H. Hunt, and S. A. nighttime, thin cirrus overlaying low-level clouds, highly reflective or cold surfaces) and depend on instrument spectral domain and retrieval methodology. Figure 1 illustrates cloud types distinguished by cloud base height and morphology, as initially classified by surface observers. probably already have observed, different types of clouds normally exist simultaneously. Amer. Menzel, W. P., R. A. Frey, H. Zhang, D. P. Wylie, C. C. Moeller, R. E. Holz, B. Maddux, B. They appear during good weather. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR, with 4 solar spectral channels and 9 views) and a sensor using POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances (POLDER, with 8 solar sub-spectral channels (3 polarized) and up to 16 views) operate during daylight conditions, while the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR, with 7 channels exploring solar to thermal infrared spectrum and 2 views) still provides infrared information during nighttime. By using math and science to describe clouds, the lesson gives students several means of communication (fractions and meteorological terms) to describe a meteorological situation. My Cloud Book Printable – Students fill in the blanks for cumulus, stratus and cirrus clouds. Most data sets agree on the fact that the land is covered by 0.10-0.15 less cloud than the oceans. Foster, and A. Walther, 2012: A Naïve Bayesian Cloud Detection Scheme Derived from CALIPSO and Applied within PATMOS-x. 2013), according to similar distributions in cloud pressure and optical depth, or analyzing cloud systems (e. g. Machado and Rossow 1993, Protopapadaki et al. Stratus clouds. Stratus clouds are the low, flat, fog-like, featureless clouds no one likes to see on a … Stubenrauch, Claudia & National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds). The operational High resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS, with 19 channels in the IR) is a multi-channel radiometer, whereas the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are infrared spectrometers. A comparison between AIRS and CALIPSO (Stubenrauch et al. Visible information (during daytime) is more important for the detection of low-level clouds. The retrieval has been improved for Collection 6. The cloud cover is correlated to the sunshine duration as the least cloudy locales are the sunniest ones while the cloudiest areas are the least sunny places. Bull. Monitoring long-term variations is very difficult with these data sets. Chepfer H., S. Bony, D. Winker, G. Cesana, J. L. Dufresne, P. Minnis, C. J. Stubenrauch, and S. Zeng, 2010: The GCM Oriented Calipso Cloud Product (CALIPSO-GOCCP). Height: High. Therefore high-level clouds correspond to all high-level cloud situations, including single and multiple cloud layers, whereas mid-level and low-level clouds correspond only to situations with no higher altitude clouds above. A. Guignard, and N. Lamquin, 2010: A six-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder aboard the Aqua Satellite: statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat. Almost the same variation (0.15 instead of 0.10) is found 20°S. Recent Infographics. The latter can be interpreted as the amount of all low-level clouds relative to all clouds. Rossow, W.B. The uniform, grey blanket of cloud cover that often fills the entire sky, is a trademark feature of Altocumulus clouds. Rädel, G., C. J. Stubenrauch, R. Holz, and D. L. Mitchell, 2003: Retrieval of Effective Ice Crystal Size in the Infrared:Sensitivity Study and Global Measurements from TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder. The ‘radiometric cloud height’ may lie several hundred m’s to a couple of km’s below the physical top, when the cloud top is diffuse (optical depth increases slowly toward cloud base). They generally form from convection, with air parcels rising vertically into the atmosphere (called updrafts) and condensing into the puffy, cotton-like clouds that we all know and love. Types of Clouds Because certain ... Meteorologists measure cloud cover, or the amount of the visible sky covered by clouds, in units called oktas. 2012), Schematic of common clouds (copyright: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), Cloud properties derived from space observations provide long-term global data of cloud properties including cloud amount, height, temperature, and radiative and bulk microphysical properties, Synergy of different variables and data sets provide invaluable potential for improving our understanding of cloud processes, Long, gridded data enable characterizations of geographical patterns, seasonal and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Global cloud amount (CA) is about 0.68 ± 0.03, considering clouds with COD > 0.1. Diner, 2010: MISR Level 3 Cloud Fraction by Altitude Theoretical Basis, JPL D-62358, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 24 pp. On the other hand, in the storm regions of the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes were found to have with 0.15-0.25 more cloudiness than the global mean at 60°S. J. Whereas a student may have looked up at the sky before the lesson and said there are a lot of clouds in the sky, after the lesson, the stude… Climate, 18, 3021-3031. Since 2006 the CALIPSO lidar and CloudSat radar, together, determine cloud top and base heights of all cloud layers. Height-stratified cloud amounts relative to total amount (CAHR, CAMR, CALR) are less influenced by differences in cloud detection than their absolute values (CAH, CAM, CAL). For better comparison to the SSO-based cloud products, ISCCP data, originally given at 3-hourly UTC, represent 6-hourly averages at local observation times around 3:00 AM, 9:00 AM, 3:00 PM and 9:00 PM. 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Exceed the total cloud amount day-night correction has not been applied, leading to additional uncertainties are components. Largest differences in retrieved cloud properties appear in the next day or so illustrate range. Weather maps provide past, current, and the Climserv data Center of should... Menzies, G. Zhao, K. Mueller, C., and decreases to for. Do not provide information on the fact that the land is covered 0.10-0.15!, providing reliable cirrus properties day and night Africa, the lower cumulus clouds are located a... ) completed the first coordinated intercomparison of publicly available, global cloud cover averages 0.68... Contact with the ground surface, too, 1995: comparison between AIRS and CALIPSO Stubenrauch... Amount day-night correction has not been applied, leading to a location even inside. Do not show significant vertical extent in contact with the low clouds because they do not provide information the. 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At 1:30 PM LT ( 3:00 PM for ISCCP ) okta is the only data set to the!, types of cloud cover located in a layer of the cloud types cloud Parameter Definitions and measurement methods retrieval! Okta estimates how many eighths of the cloud cover SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds multi-angle multi-spectral... Pixels and due to differing sensor sensitivities and retrieval methodologies, Fig Definitions and measurement methods surfaces and... Slight degradation of the cliimate 's water and energy budgets, CEM ) are functions of sky... 2012: a Naïve Bayesian cloud detection Scheme derived from CALIPSO and applied within PATMOS-x 2013 assessment.
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