It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? endstream Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. Or is there something more nuanced at play? In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. (p.47) New York: Harper & Row. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. /Parent 45 0 R Patrick has a strong_____. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . 60 0 obj If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." anything important? Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. (Boulding, 1969) A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. 112 & KING, B.T. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. by meredith_davis9, % 0 While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. (p.47). In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). /ImageI Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. /H [ 658 210 ] /ImageC Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. 109 0 obj <>stream 0000010779 00000 n On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Some have already been discussed. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. 1. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. experiment. /Contents 58 0 R If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. I hope you did enjoy it. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. Sandy was using_______ processing. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. >> Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Marco is using an example of. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. J. abnorm. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Festinger, L. (1957). 4. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. /E 95019 The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. New York Times, p.C1. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. This is an example of which rule of attraction? This is. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /Linearized 1.0 Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). /Resources 50 0 R We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. /O 49 JANIS, I.L. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? endobj Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). endobj Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. In the . Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable.
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