[109][110][111] Impoverished communities would likely be affected the most by climate change. Repvblik merupakan sebuah grup Band asal Indonesia. ", second-most populous urban area in the world, The earliest evidence of Islamized populations, first direct presidential election in 2004, Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs, extensive haze across parts of Southeast Asia, International Union for Conservation of Nature, most extended bus rapid transit system in the world, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, sizable Jewish presence in the archipelago, ongoing, decades-long separatist movement, eleven items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition", "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians", "Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Indonesia", "Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae", "Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves", 20.500.11755/c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle for Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45", "40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia", "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966", "Indonesia massacres: Declassified US files shed new light", "Indonesia: from showcase to basket case", "East Timor Revisited, Ford, Kissinger, and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76", "Situation of human rights in East Timor", "The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report", "16,000 Indonesian islands registered at UN", "Climate: Observations, projections and impacts", "Indonesia and Climate Change: Current Status and Policies", "Volcanic activity and environment: Impacts on agriculture and use of geological data to improve recovery processes", "Early Humans May Have Lived Through A Supervolcano Eruption", "The Eruption of Krakatoa Was the First Global Catastrophe", "Meet The 10 Megadiverse Countries In The World", "Indonesia's Natural Wealth: The Right of a Nation and Her People", "A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt", "Coral reef destruction spells humanitarian disaster", "Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population", "Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest? [102] This situation makes Indonesia the world's largest forest-based emitter of greenhouse gases. World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision. It is divided into several community groups (rukun warga, RW), which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). [37][38][39] Only in the early 20th century did the Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. Call 1500818. Dirgantara Indonesia), Indonesia has provided components for Boeing and Airbus. [315][316] Literature and poetry flourished during the decades leading up to and after independence. [192] Indonesia has also joined the South Korean programme to manufacture the fifth-generation jet fighter KAI KF-X. [259] Parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools, supervised by the ministries of Education and Religion, respectively. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5°S 120°E / 5°S 120°E / -5; 120. [121], Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. The enrolment rate is 93% for primary education, 79% for secondary education, and 36% for tertiary education (2018). The name Indonesia derives from Greek words of Indos (Ἰνδός) and nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands". Indonesian music and dance. [188] In the 1980s, Indonesian engineer Tjokorda Raka Sukawati invented a road construction technique named Sosrobahu that allows the construction of long stretches of flyovers above existing main roads with minimum traffic disruption. It marked the first time in UN history that a member state had attempted a withdrawal. Indonesia is among the only five countries that have won the Thomas and Uber Cup, the world team championship of men's and women's badminton. [318] Notable literary figures of the modern era include Multatuli, Chairil Anwar, Mohammad Yamin, Merari Siregar, Marah Roesli, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and Ayu Utami. [19], After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. With its state-owned company, the Indonesian Aerospace (PT. [175], The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of 2018[update]. [15] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago". ( 2 ) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. 2004. [151] Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides. [294] Each province has a representation of traditional attire and dress,[275] such as Ulos of Batak from North Sumatra; Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Sumatra; and Ikat of Sasak from Lombok. [108][109] It would raise the frequency of drought and food shortages (with an impact on precipitation and the patterns of wet and dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agriculture system[109]) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires. In 2016, the transport sector generated about 5.2% of GDP. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s and achieved official status under the name Bahasa Indonesia in 1945. Android Republic offer only the most advanced and exclusive android mods. [27] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. [235], The natives of the Indonesian archipelago originally practised indigenous animism and dynamism, beliefs that are common to Austronesian people. South Maluku, officially the Republic of South Maluku, is an unrecognized secessionist republic in the southern Maluku Islands archipelago in Oceania and Maritime Southeast Asia that claims the islands of Ambon, Buru, and Seram as part of its territory, all of which are currently illegally occupied by the Indonesian province of Maluku. Many of Indonesia's peoples have firmly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities. Their painting tradition started as classical Kamasan or Wayang style visual narrative, derived from visual art discovered on candi bas reliefs in eastern Java. [308], Like other developing countries, Indonesia began development of the Internet in the early 1990s. Wayang, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese shadow puppet theatre display several mythological legends such as Ramayana and Mahabharata. [307] The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989. [citation needed], The music of Indonesia predates historical records. [160] Since 2009, it has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.7% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (30.2%) and industry (21.9%). Indonesia currently holds eleven items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, including a wayang puppet theatre, kris, batik,[277] pencak silat, angklung, and the three genres of traditional Balinese dance. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD. In addition to refined and crude petroleum as the main imports, telephones, vehicle parts and wheat cover the majority of additional imports. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT ) Republic of Indonesia - www.postel.go.id 2015 The target is : 20 MHz (5.7% of 350 MHz) On June 2015, The Minister of ICT in Indonesia stipulated a Ministerial Regulation No. China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand are Indonesia's principal export markets and import partners. [199][200] China, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and Japan are the top five sources of visitors to Indonesia. Then the video abruptly ends. [131], Indonesia maintains 132 diplomatic missions abroad, including 95 embassies. The first native scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara when in 1913 he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau. [326], Other popular sports include boxing and basketball, which has a long history in Indonesia and was part of the first National Games (Pekan Olahraga Nasional, PON) in 1948. Many scholars consider the 1950s and 1960s to be the Golden Age of Indonesian Literature. If you plan to stay more than 30 days, apply for a visa from an embassy or consulate of Indonesia. [248][249] Its spread faced difficulty due to the VOC policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the Eighty Years' War against Catholic Spain's rule. [21][22][23] Homo sapiens reached the region around 43,000 BCE. [311], The oldest evidence of writing in the Indonesian archipelago is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Bank Indonesia Contact Center (BICARA 131) The Bank Indonesia Act (No. [84] However, it has also resulted in fertile soils, a factor in historically sustaining high population densities of Java and Bali.[85]. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. [46][47][48][46][49], The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule, and a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949 when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence in the face of international pressure. Outside of Office Hours, contact: +62 21 5083 1000 ext. The archipelago's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including with Indian kingdoms and Chinese dynasties, from several centuries BCE. 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