Maybe someone else with some explanation can give some advice. Hey! 8, 2011 and then again eight days later I was in so much pain. So if a bone is broken, a metal implant may be used to support the healing skeleton until the bone has healed. How can you heal after removal of plates and screws of a broken ankle? As CraigH said, I ended up having 3 surgeries on my left arm, each time with a bigger plate, more screws and the final one involved a bone graft from my hip (that sucked way more than actually breaking my arm). The most common ankle injury is an ankle sprain. Publi 2 juillet 2022 2 juillet 2022 I am 6 months post surgery and from the beginning I have had pain at the union site and under the ball of my foot when I walk. Call your doctor or 911 if you think you may have a medical emergency. Hi Sandy! Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Read about treatment, recovery time, surgery, causes, and prognosis. The patient had surgery about 15 years ago by another doctor and the screw is just slowly working its way out of the bone. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Despite metal's resilience, the fact is that metal can break, and something may need to be done about it. This is a notable concern in leg or hip bones that have to bear body weight. appropriate medical assistance immediately. Sometimes the To learn more, please visit our. What causes ankle problems? 2014;19(1):120-124. doi:10.1007/s00776-013-0472-4. Patient does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. He served as assistant team physician to Chivas USA (Major League Soccer) and the United States men's and women's national soccer teams. Taking anti-inflammatory agents to prevent swelling and inflammation that is causing pain. Causes of Loose Bodies Loose bodies occur if there is bleeding within the joint, death of tissues lining the joints associated with tuberculosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Nerves and blood vessels and other soft tissue structures in this area may be at 2018;17:18-22. doi:10.1016/j.tcr.2018.09.005. If broken hardware is buried deep within the bone it may be left in place since the risks of removing it outweigh the benefits. This may be one of the signs of metal irritation, and it too can lead to having implants removed. symptoms of loose screw in ankle Niikura T, Yang Lee S, Sakai Y, Nishida K, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M. Causative factors of fracture nonunion: the proportions of mechanical, biological, patient-dependent, and patient-independent factors. This is especially true of deep implants that have been in place for a long time. Jonathan Cluett, MD, is board-certified in orthopedic surgery. Can I walk on a broken ankle? But if it is bothering you, you might need surgery to remove. The loose bodies can cause pain, swelling, locking and catching of the joint. You can prevent ankle disorders by maintaining good physical fitness, strength, and flexibility. as being in breach of those terms. The loss of lucency may represent bone growth onto the HA coating or protection of the bone-screw interface from dynamic stabilization. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Apparently this is common as the bones fuse either the screw goes deeper in or out - my case it is on the move outwards but he said 4 months is too early to have it removed. In some cases, the bones of the ankle may poke through the skin. Never disregard or delay professional medical advice in person because of anything on HealthTap. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. I only play one on TV. Always speak to your doctor before acting and in cases of emergency seek Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. There are cases, though, when removing metal plates and screws, or other implants, may be necessary. ph: (604) 324-6635 June 11, 2022 . It's comprised of a variety of plates, rods, cages, wires, spacers, hooks and screws that are designed to be left in the body for a long time. Vol. However, small loose bodies which contain little fragments of bone or no bone may not be visible on an X-ray. If your screws become loose in your ankle then it may cause you pain or some other symptom like numbness or opening of wound. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Do you need crutches after hardware removal surgery ? Some screws or the plate may have to be removed someday. Hardware placed in areas without significant soft tissue coverage (muscle, fat) that come in contact with direct pressure from shoes is more likely to cause irritation. Imaging Studies X-rays will reveal the hardware if it is metal (most screws are stainless steel or titanium). Posted What are the symptoms of ankle disorders? What are screws and a plate left in ankle used to treat? I'm praying that I can say that as well. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. While some hardware is made of cobalt-chrome or stainless steel, "most of the contemporary instrumentation is made of . This forum has been great framing my recovery. The plate on my Radius had come loose: 4 of the original 6 screws were either loose or broken (2 loose and 2 broken). Jonathan Cluett, MD, is board-certified in orthopedic surgery. by Johan H. Pot 1 , Remco J.A. The main symptom is usually pain, but many things can cause pain; the best way to know if a loose screw is actually the cause is to do x-rays, and then compare them with your older films. This at least slightly increases the risk of damage to these structures. My ankle also has a bit of a dull ache now. Other reasons include infection, nerve damage due to scarring, incomplete healing of the bone (called a non-union), or an allergy to the implant. Wagoner MR, Creech CL, Nolan CK, Meyr AJ. I'll ask. Use of the forums is subject to our Terms of Use please help. Best to get it checked out though. Metal implants are typically made to support the skeletal system until the body can support normal stress without the aid of the implant. xray of the offending foot showed the screw is on the move. Appointments 216.444.2606. Read about louisville orthopedic My name is Dylan Grandon. The broken pieces will be easily degraded by the body by means of a mechanism called enzyme degradation. CRPS cuboid syndrome decubitus ulcer diabetic amputation diabetic foot eczema To learn more, please visit our. It describes some symptoms that may point toward doing so, as well as possible benefits and risks of implant removal. If loose bodies are present in the joint space, a special instrument, called mechanical burr or a resector is used to break the loose bodies. To retain or remove the syndesmotic screw: a review of literature, Sonographic assessment of orthopedic hardware impingement on soft tissues of the limbs, Hardware removal: indications and expectations, Pain directly at the site of the metal implant, Rubbing of the metal implant underneath the skin, Grinding sensations around the metal implant. Dr. Grossfeld has done two surgeries on me and they have both gone smoothly and I could not have asked for better results. Chronic ankle instability is the feeling that the ankle is "weak" or "loose" or "gives out" or feels "unstable". J Hand Surg Asian-Pac. In fact, there are several reasons why the implants fail, such as if the repair was problematic to begin with or if the patient places too much stress on the area while it's still healing. An orthopedic surgeon may use implants to reconstruct a damaged joint, repair a bone fracture, or change your body's skeletal alignment. She has performed 2 surgeries on me with great results after both procedures. The holes left in the bone do not typically put the healed bone at a significant But it doesn't always work, and your surgeon can help you to decide if implant removal is the best option. I remember a couple years back we were riding with Shaums and his screws in his ankle backed out. In order to implant these screws, a screw hole is made in the patient's bone. Diagnosis. Blood clots that form in the veins of the legs can stop the return flow of blood from the legs back up to the heart and cause swelling in the ankles and feet. bearing till i see xray the holes is filled. In individuals who have not completed their growth, it may quickly fill in with bone. 2008;16(2):113-20. In people who have pain that is clearly caused by the implant, the chance of reducing the pain is relatively high. Photos and Videos - Race Forum When hardware is removed from bone there is a "hole" or deficit of bone. Content on HealthTap (including answers) should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and interactions on HealthTap do not create a doctor-patient relationship. Did your Dr remove it after all w surgery? NBR - Not Biking Related To look for bone fractures or tendon tears, imaging tests will be needed. Lost weight could lead to the same problem. Cooper B, et al. Keep your healthcare provider up-to-date so they can monitor the situation and respond appropriately. The second type of surgical implants, as mentioned above, are the plates. Other symptoms you might feel from gout in your ankle include: tenderness swelling redness warmth to the touch stiffness and limited range of motion What are the causes and triggers of gout in. The loose bodies are removed by arthroscopic procedure. Several factors could interfere with this process: Even if you learned about metals in science class, that probably was a long time ago. I was non weight bearing for twelve weekshad one hugh staple and two hugh screws both on an angle. How did it go w your stitch knot? Conclusion: Removal of syndesmotic screws is advisable mainly in cases of patient complaints related to the other implanted perimalleolar hardware or malreduction of the syndesmosis after at least 8 weeks postoperatively. For small loose bodies your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory medications to relieve pain and swelling. Usually screws only need to be in for a certain amount of time in order for your bone or other structure heal. Here are some symptoms you might experience if you have a broken ankle: You have sudden, severe pain in your ankle. Stuart Hershman, MD, is a board-certified spine surgeon. [Updated 2022 Jul 25]. (n.d.). Be sure to talk with an experienced orthopedic surgeon so that you fully understand the benefits and risks, as well as any treatment alternatives that may be available. Orthopedic surgeons implant metal to fix broken bones, replace worn-out joints, or correct deformities in the skeletal system. It would be difficult and painful to walk on a broken ankle. Registered number: 10004395 Registered office: Fulford Grange, Micklefield Lane, Rawdon, Leeds, LS19 6BA. for professional medical advice, diagnoses or treatments. Ankle dislocation is commonly the fracture of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and damage to the ligaments that help support the joints. Your healthcare provider will need to assess whether an implant removal is likely to succeed. The review on self-loosening in bolted joint is done in this paper to gain better . historical development of atomic theory ppt symptoms of loose screw in ankle. This may be one of the signs of metal irritation, and it too can lead to having implants removed. It may require a greater amount of dissection to be uncovered. 7 years ago, However, in some patients, hardware can become prominent or irritate a nearby tendon or other soft tissues. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. Anyone have experience with any of the screws holding the plates on a bone break coming loose? While these don't always mean that there's a problem, some signs of metal irritation are: It can be quite hard to predict if the removal of metal implants will improve symptoms. Its a pointed hard bit on the bunion site and my foot has started to hurt again when I walk. If it's a concern hardware can be. What could happen if screws become loose in ankle? All ok now? Surgery is performed depending on the location and the size of the loose bodies. I have taken two days worth of meloxecam or mobic. Wewill have to take that out! Use of the forums is subject to our Terms of Use By way of comparison, consider a paper clip. - Commuting I hope that a good decision. https://patient.info/forums/discuss/broken-screw-after-ankle-orif-550801. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. Absolute contraindications for joint replacement include active local or systemic infection. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society, The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) offers information on this site as an educational service. Many factors influence this. post surgical rejection of plates and screws. It is often hard to treat an infection that is in or on a non-organic surface. The physician will ask about any recent injuries. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Removing Pins and Other Surgical Implants. Initial radiographic examination consisted of weight bearing right foot and right ankle films. After most surgeries, the hardware causes little trouble to the patient. . I had orif of my right ankle 18months ago. x. Though if I was in your situation I'd go see my doctor as I wouldn't want to have other problems becuase of the screws. 2017;22(03):363-365. doi:10.1142/S0218810417720248. And what was your actual recovery process like? If the pain is more generalized, it may be more difficult to tell if removal will work. Upgrade to Patient Pro Medical Professional? It should not make it too much weaker if at all he said, and the holes should mostly fill in in time. thanks g. Are the plates and screws used to fix a broken ankle permanent? Any implant removal should never be taken lightly. Anyone have experience with any of the screws holding the plates on a bone break coming loose? Signs, symptoms and diagnosis A torn lateral ankle ligament presents as painful swelling and can often be ecchymotic. If there is an infection, your surgeon will remove the infection with a procedure called debridement. appropriate medical assistance immediately. Ankle sprain is a very common injury and can range from mild to severe. Determining the Benefits, Risk, and Alternatives. In some cases these incisions are made longer or additional incisions are made to safely perform the operation. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Although surgery for most ankle disorders can be helpful for improving mobility, all surgical procedures carry potential risks like infection and nerve damage. If i remove a plate and 6 screws from my ankle what will the recovery process entail? greater risk than at the time of the original surgery. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. The surgeons/doctors have always told me if the hardware ever gives me problems to come in and see them, and if need be they can remove it. I"m getting it checked out tomorrow by my doc so I want give him as much info as I can. Weve also recommended 7 shoes to consider for, Our feet get us around every day, and often in uncomfortable shoes. In these cases, it may be better to remove implants even though they were meant to stay in place. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Wu K, Li B, Guo JJ. It also may not work to reduce any pain. I have contacted my surgeon who is going to take xrays next week. Generalized indications for joint replacement include severe osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, trauma, and inflammatory arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, if the broken metal is not causing a problem, then it can often stay in the body. Pain infection: If your screws become loose in your ankle then it may cause you pain or some other symptom like numbness or opening of wound. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. (screws in ankle), Can i get bolts and screws taken out of my ankle and if so You definitely don't want to fool around with this. Where was your pain? And hold together to allow appropriate healing. Patient is a UK registered trade mark. Check with Knolly (Noel), he had a horror show problem with his surgical hardware coming apart. 2011;131(7):879-83. doi:10.1007/s00402-010-1225-x, Guillin R, Bianchi S. Sonographic assessment of orthopedic hardware impingement on soft tissues of the limbs. If you need medical advice, use the "Find a Surgeon" search to locate a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon in your area. But most importantly, she makes sure I can do what I loveDance. An ankle dislocation causes symptoms such as pain, swelling, bruising, possible tingling and numbness in the foot, and ankle deformity. Registered number: 10004395 Registered office: Fulford Grange, Micklefield Lane, Rawdon, Leeds, LS19 6BA. oceanside high school football schedule. This article explains why metal implants break and whether surgery is required to fix them. Again, hope all goes/went well today!! library/sgim/resource library/meeting handouts/sgim/2011/we02-handout-1-.pdf, orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00391, orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00150, orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00147, Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (Tibial Nerve Dysfunction), The Best Shoes for Plantar Fasciitis of 2023, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, How to Treat Plantar Warts at Home Naturally, arthritis (chronic inflammation of joints), twisting or rotating the ankle beyond the normal range of motion, lack of conditioning for the muscles in the leg and foot, excess strain on the Achilles tendon, the tendon that connects your calf muscles to your heel, bone spurs in the heel that rub on the Achilles tendon, untreated flat feet leading to additional stress on the posterior tibial tendon, pain along the back of the heel that gets worse throughout the day, swelling that gets worse with physical activity, loud popping sounds at the back of the heel, signaling a ruptured tendon; if this occurs, seek emergency medical attention, taking medications to reduce swelling and inflammation, like aspirin or ibuprofen, wearing compression bandages or casts to immobilize your ankle, getting cortisone (steroid) injections to reduce pain and swelling, reconstruction to rebuild bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments in your ankle, lengthening the calf muscles to reduce pressure on your Achilles tendon, fusion of the bones in your ankle to make it more stable (arthrodesis), stretching and warming up before and after physical activity, wearing comfortable shoes that provide ankle support, paying attention to your bodys warning signs and not pushing yourself too hard. If you suspect something is wrong, don't hesitate to contact your healthcare provider for an evaluation. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Learn how we can help 3.3k views Answered >2 years ago Thank 2 thanks A 41-year-old member asked: Hip Replacement Loosening Symptoms and Causes, A Fractured Metacarpal: What You Need to Know, Wrist Fractures: Treatment and a Warning for Osteoporosis, Fatigue crack growth and fracture of internal fixation materials in in vivo environments-a review, Causative factors of fracture nonunion: the proportions of mechanical, biological, patient-dependent, and patient-independent factors, Early failure of a locked titanium plate in a proximal humeral fracture: Case report and metallurgic analysis, Complications of syndesmotic screw removal, Locking screw migration to the palm four years following surgical implantation of distal radius locking plate, Pictorial review and basic principles of foot and ankle hardware extraction, Fracture, which usually occurs after a fall or other trauma, Frequent or recurring dislocations, which can cause pain and make movement difficult, Infection, which can incite pain, redness, and swelling; a serious infection might set off diarrhea, fatigue, fever, muscle aches, or nausea or vomiting, Loosening or instability, which can instigate pain and swelling, a popping or clicking sound, or the feeling that the body part is "giving out" when you place weight on it, Metal allergy, which can spark common allergy symptoms like itching, pain, rash, skin discoloration, stiffness, and swelling. You may also need physical therapy to help strengthen your ankle. Thx! All rights reserved. Get answers from Podiatrists and top U.S. doctors, Our doctors evaluate, diagnose, prescribe, order lab tests, and recommend follow-up care. There was no appreciable healing at the fracture site. Since that time, she has performed three arthroscopic knee surgeries and a rotator cuff surgery(and repair) on me. Let us know how it went. June 21, 2022. Commonly hardware is added to enhance the stability while the disc spaces and other areas grow bone. We will have to take that out! What are the symptoms of a broken ankle? The most common symptoms of an ankle fracture are pain and swelling, either of which may be present only in the ankle region itself or spread to parts of the foot or up toward the knee. Physical therapy may last as long as 12 months. Intramedullary rods, pins, and other implants do not help bones to heal faster. If you notice any signs of an infection call your doctor. Registered in England and Wales. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. Symptoms of ankle arthritis tend to develop over time, however sudden onset of acute pain can occur. I have had metal put in my left wrist twice. Learn the. After the Screws and plates are used to stabilize bones as they heal - like an internal cast. unit 25 colorado elk vietnam war deaths by country symptoms of loose screw in ankle. Treatments can include nonsurgical and surgical options. Some healthcare providers will recommend the removal of syndesmotic screws used for high ankle sprains. - Ladies Only Picture showing acute inversion injury of right ankle, red . and Privacy Policy and steps will be taken to remove posts identified You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. When the screw broke, I had some discomfort and swelling, but it is subsiding. Pain infection: If your screws become loose in your ankle then it may cause you pain or some other symptom like numbness or opening of wound. Other symptoms may include: Pain that diminishes during rest; Pain that is associated with physical activities throughout the day; Swelling on the top of the foot or on the outside of the ankle If your toes . Do you need crutches after hardware removal surgery ? The most common signs of ankle arthritis are: Tenderness or pain in the ankle joint or pain when pressure is applied to the joint. 2012;15(1):50-5. doi:10.1016/j.jus.2012.01.001. Hardware can be removed if it is painful or associated with an infection, If you do feel unusual pain in your ankle during physical activity, or suspect an injury, contact your doctor immediately. Inability to bear weight on your injured ankle However, if you can bear weight on the ankle, don't assume there is no fracture. Patient is a UK registered trade mark. Because people have little fat or muscle over the bones around the ankle, many people can feel the screws there with sports and exercise. Read our doctor-reviewed health article and learn how to treat, Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) occurs when the tendon that connects the calf muscle to bones in the foot is inflamed or torn. Susan on April 01, 2018: I had broke my ankle in 3 places.2 Plates and 17 screws on both sides of right ankle. It fills in with dense scar that structurally is similar to bone. It's also an option that doesn't always work. Stabilizing the ankle with plates and screws may allow earlier motion. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. If the problem is still not addressed, such as a broken bone that has not healed, then the metal may need to be removed and a new repair performed. The foot series demonstrated decreased calcaneal inclination angle of 5 degrees, and increased talar declination angle of 35 degrees, an anterior break of the cyma line, increased talar head uncovering, and an increased cuboid abduction angle, all of which are findings consistent with a pes planus . The content is not intended to substitute For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). Thus, we determined the clinical effects of routine hardware removal irrespective of the degree of hardware-related pain, especially in the perspective of patients' daily . If your screws become loose in your ankle then it may cause you, . - Stolen These tests include: Treatment will depend on your condition and your symptoms. Depend on how long they were in and if they completed their function yet. Your ankle helps to balance and stabilize your body. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. We want the forums to be a useful resource for our users but it is important to remember that the forums are He specializes in spinal deformity and complex spinal reconstruction. This might be the way forward for anyone considering having the operation as it will take away the possibility of the screw having to be removed months later just when you think everything is nearly back to normal. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in a minute. The Shore We avoid using tertiary references. The plate was "floating" and not holding the bone together. All rights reserved. it is highly unlikely that you could dislodge the plate in your ankle from bumping it. Lost weight could lead to the same problem. And yes, she truly does have a screw looseShe presented with the screw head almost pushing through the skin as you can see in the image with the yellow arrow. It is the size of a small egg and is tender to the touch. Always speak to your doctor before acting and in cases of emergency seek 1. I got 4 holes right thru my radius now where he took out screws. Most of the good hardware is made in Sweeden or Switzerland (I can't remember) and ya - it is friggen expensive! Signs and symptoms of a sprained ankle vary depending on the severity of the injury. Home Disclaimer Privacy Sitemap Feedback Tell a Friend Contact Us, Mark Drakos, MD Ankle, Foot & Knee Surgery, New York NY. At what point where you told that you could bear weight? Hardware removal: indications and expectations. CushCore Extralight Tire Inserts Are 112 Grams Each, Gambling on the Retrogrouch - Shimano XT LinkGlide M8130, Leatt MTB 2.0 Gloves - WindBlock & SubZero, The New Crankbrothers Mallet Trail Pedals. may require usage of a walking cast boot or similar brace for four weeks. removed and sometimes a different type of metal is used. My surgeon told me it's ok if they break. Your surgeon will usually use the previous incisions to find and remove the hardware. Usually the screws are not necessary after healing has taken place. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. These days we're also seeing doctors using recombinant growth factors like BMP (Bone . andrea bocelli daughter bad things about athens back then. Usually screws only need to be in for a certain amount of time in order for your, or other structure heal. Hak DJ, McElvany M. Removal of broken hardware. Yeap, we're up in your social medias too. Depending on the size and quantity of harware this deficit could be signific it take up to 2 month to fill, i usually place patient non. And how long was your recovery from the removal procedure? A larger incision than the original surgical incision may be required to safely remove the hardware. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Read our, Metal Allergy to Surgical Plates, Screws, and Implants. Heart failure. Schepers T, Van Lieshout EM, de Vries MR, Van der Elst M. Complications of syndesmotic screw removal. As of today (3/6/2018), I am 6wks post op Bunionectomy on RT foot (Austin involving 2 screws, and had a bone spur shaved off the top of foot), and have 2 stitches clearly sticking out of incision area. symptoms of loose screw in ankle. Hi everyone. What Causes Metal Implants to Break Inside the Body. Screws in ankle years after an broken ankle taken out recovery time ? (2013) Ankle fractures (broken ankle). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Five common post-surgery problems tend to trigger certain symptoms: Often, broken metal implants require additional surgery, but not always. What are screws and a plate left in ankle used to treat? Has anything else changed? Ankle Arthritis Bunions Bursitis Chronic Ankle Instability Cysts Diabetic Foot Conditions Fractures & Breaks Hammertoe Metatarsalgia Morton's Neuroma Neuroma & Nerve Pain Pediatric Conditions Plantar Fasciitis Plantar Plate Injuries Toenails, Calluses & Corns
Legend Of The Ravaging Dynasties 3 Release Date,
Port Newark Container Terminal Jobs,
What Happened To Paco Rhpc,
Error: Lazy Loading Failed For Package Kableextra,
How To Beat A Felonious Assault Charge In Michigan,
Articles S
how did suleika jaouad meet jon batiste | |||
which of these best describes the compromise of 1877? | |||