endstream
endobj
157 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
In the few cases I have done, Ive had people swear they only had one brief course of treatment, but once you get those records, if it refers to treatment or evaluation by another mental health provider, you then have to chase down and review those records too. We provide, complete, and submit all required forms directly to the Illinois State Police, Firearms Services Bureau, Appeals Section. H4 He has testified in circuit court cases as well as federal court cases. endstream
endobj
158 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Visit Dr FOID. Per the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act (430-ILCS 65/), initial applications must be processed within 30 days and renewals must be processed within 60 days. 0
This certification must be completed by a physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner as defined in 405 ILCS 5/1-122. l2Is S
Even as we approach the two-year anniversary since enactment, there remains confusion among clinicians, hospitals and mental health practitioners as to how to comply with the reporting requirements. l2Isr**`\y@cB]Bt
LL,L)pY>\y 284 0 obj
<>stream
But, too late for you. IL FOID Evaluation Midwest Behavioral Risk Management, P.C. )n.,&)aOB[/E+ygd,'#o];|]]{91J_WcA9[*88#g]9|?1u_Q)&B?-}Nn,*n=e_>Bd\]}ol,?=_Cw+/%=P\ These answers do not make me your lawyer. l2Is 7D-
My roommate was unconscious, and hooked up to life support. Needless to say, it is not the political climate to get a FOID back after a stay at a psych facility. Mental Health - Voluntary Mental Health Admission More Than Five Years Ago. Mental Health Certification For Firearm Possession (Mental Health Admission >5 years ago) Pursuant to: 430 ILCS 65/4(a)(2)(iv) and 430 ILCS 65/8(u) (ISP 2-606 5/18/15) Evaluator should mark ONE box. performed a mental health evaluation of the petitioner prior to completing the form. /}m]Zj6OW.1]vN{f`a::O& l1%\@O* sxunN? endstream
endobj
149 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
endstream
endobj
167 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Real answers from licensed attorneys. Overall, very few FOID or CCL applications were denied. Find the best ones near you. My FOID application was recently denied. Specialized Forensic Unit PC is a private nongovernmental organization, providing psychological evaluations in Illinois and Wisconsin. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z By now, FSB is probably catching up some, but I dont imagine that appeals are necessarily a priority or speedy. There is an appeal within 5 years of inpatient treatment that has a bunch of hoops to jump through, including all psych records for the last 5 years, a forensic evaluation by a shrink. You may still need to contact local police. 1.1). H2TH2P0P326E\i\z l2Is S
In order to make me your lawyer you have to hire me, in writing. !Y\!\\ #
'. Social Science mental disorders, biologically based 27 mental health: Cawood Assessment Grid careful language usage 412; FOID (firearms owner identification card), FOID was denied because I was admitted to the mental hospital in middle school from ILGuns, 2 Haz 2022 Hi, so I submitted my FOID application around a week and a half ago, [I] have received a mental health evaluation by a physician,. The physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner must have completed a mental health evaluation the petitioner of and must have r eviewed all collateral information supplied by the applicant and others prior to any assessment. l2Isr**`\y@cB]Bt
LL,L)pY>\y %PDF-1.7
%
He is familiar with the types of evaluations necessary for court proceedings and appeal board hearings. Disciplinary information may not be comprehensive, or updated. evaluations, specifically tailored to answer referral questions that courts, attorneys, correctional facilities, or patients may have. The other requirements generally pertain to any history of mental health problems you may have and any criminal convictions in your past. Q: Can you help me get my FOID card back? With COVID, a flood of applications and complications with ISP employees working from home, the back log has expanded greatly. I was railroaded into a physc ward by a lying, vindictive nurse. 2. Each case and appeal is different. % HW7/$k+t#qXcn^cIe_p!~e>z'|?/V/[
^Re See the ISP Website for FOID Appeal. endstream
endobj
144 0 obj
<>/Metadata 6 0 R/Names 200 0 R/Pages 140 0 R/StructTreeRoot 16 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences 201 0 R>>
endobj
145 0 obj
<>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 140 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>>
endobj
146 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Contact UsPhone: +1 (815) 787-0515Email: myimhca@gmail.com. If your psychiatrist wants any advice, please feel free to refer them to this website. Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist endstream
endobj
156 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Demonstrates threatening physical or verbal behavior, such as violent, suicidal or assaultive threats, actions or other behavior, as determined by a physician, clinical psychologist, qualified examiner, school administrator or law enforcement official. NAME OF FOID CARD PETITIONER: DATE OF BIRTH: / / Last, First, Middle Initial . l2Is S
Appeals fall into two general categories - those where fewer than 5 years have passed since the hospitalization or mental health prohibitor and those where more than 5 years have passed since the hospitalization or mental health prohibitor. [from 405 ILCS 5/1-122], If a LCPC has only 2 years experience (brand new LCPC) are they mandated? Eligible for a FOID Card? H23754VH2P0P326E\i\z IL FOID Evaluation Midwest Behavioral Risk Management, P.C. If you hire a forensic psychiatrist, youre going to be paying someone several hundred dollars an hour to do this, and they will likely request payment upfront in the form of a retainer, which they will bill off of. Mental Health Certification For Firearm Possession FOID Card, FOID/Firearm Evaluations Specialized Forensic Unit PC, IDHS Firearms Owners Identification (FOID) Mental Health . @D)6hg#,v&"?axOBxh8@(lClzH0. Be careful to have the evaluation done by a 2nd Amendment friendly psych. Then you have an appeal after 5 years which is abbreviated. Hello all -. 2. Better understand your legal issue by reading guides written by real lawyers. 405 ILCS 5/1-122. Oh, and avoid "Second Amendment" lawyers. Dr. Kessler will discuss these with you and together you will determine if it is appropriate to continue with the evaluation process. Attorneys who claim their profiles and provide Avvo with more information tend to have a higher rating than those who do not. endstream
endobj
159 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
endstream
endobj
161 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
".,/[kVSX3X:/x-kY,#,yi\T-K,]VaO8urQ2}8pRIy|,8$K% tz?=\y Be careful to have the evaluation done by a 2nd Amendment friendly psych. There is an appeals process, but I suspect that in the best of times, processing appeals is not the highest priority. Dr. FOID. I had no contact or conversations with any other patients. We provide the following professional services: Violence risk and threat assessment 4. Unfortunately, a lot of times, once you start digging, other things pop up. However, you should consider that you might be asking your treating psychiatrist to do a LOT of extra work, that might not completely fall under actual treatment and is time that probably wont be covered by your health insurance. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. I was sleep deprived for over 48 hours, and suffering terrible headaches from a skull fracture. Every Good Wish. @D)6hg#,v&"?axOBxh8@(lClzH0. The physician, clini cal psychologist or qualified examiner must complete this form. There is an appeal within 5 years of inpatient treatment that has a bunch of hoops to jump through, including all psych records for the last 5 years, a forensic evaluation by a shrink. Evaluation costs typically run between $800 and $1800. I was tricked into signing a form that I did not read stating that another patient overheard me say that I felt like jumping out of a window. l2Is 7D-
Do not . Midwest Behavioral Risk Management, P.C. But, too late for you. To apply for a FOID card, go to the Illinois State Police website . Under the Act, physicians, clinical psychologists and qualified examiners are mandated to report to the Illinois Department of Human Services (DHS) any person whom the physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner determines to pose a clear and present danger to himself, herself or others, or determines to be developmentally disabled. Additionally, mental health facilities are mandated to report the admission of individuals who are prohibited from obtaining a FOID card. healthmdsearch.com is a search engine, the content on the site has been added by users and is not controlled by us. endstream
endobj
154 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
!Y\!\\ #
ISP is then responsible for investigating and processing or rejecting the application for the FOID card. You don't need polemicists here, you need folks who will communicate you are now sold. l2Isr**`\y@cB]Bt
LL,L)pY>\y %%EOF
Clear and present danger is defined in the FOID Act as a person who: Communicates a serious threat of physical violence against a reasonably identifiable victim; or, Poses a clear and imminent risk of serious physical injury to himself, herself or another person as determined by a physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner; or. You need to use your clinical judgement to determine if they fit this criteria. All right reserved. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z The definition specifically includes the following, or any parts of the following if they provide treatment of persons with mental illness: To qualify as a mental health facility, the primary purpose of the facility does not have to be treatment of persons with mental illness. "The commissioner shall promulgate regulations which shall include, but not be limited to, provisions relating to mental health professionals approved to perform the evaluation; the process for evaluation; and the development of a standardized form to be used by mental health professionals performing such evaluation to approve or deny an DHS regulations require multiple reporting. If your write stuff that makes you look paranoid, you just dig a deeper hole. l2Isr**`\y@cB]Bt
LL,L)pY>\y Speak rationally to a a hospital psychologist or stream Years licensed, work experience, education. 2. oz=hrgFc2-UXT.e/o
'Fw1?b}T
qZey!X~oLr{{GsS@w+Sf Regarding individuals who have been adjudicated mentally disabled, voluntarily admitted to a psychiatric unit, determined to be a "clear and present danger" or determined developmentally / intellectually disabled, DHS FOID Mental Health Reporting System Qualified Examiners Users Manual, Clear and Present Danger means a person who: (1) communicates a serious threat of physical violence against a reasonably identifiable victim or poses a clear and imminent risk of serious physical injury to himself, herself, or another person, as determine by a physician, clinical psychologist, or qualified examiner; or (2) demonstrates threatening physical or verbal behavior, such as violent, suicidal, or assaultive threats, actions or other behavior, as determined by a physician, clinical psychologist, qualified examiner, school administrator, or law enforcement official. 430 ILCS 65/1.1, Clear and Present Danger Request for Law Enforcement and School Officials, Clear and Present Danger Emergency Rule Change, eff. Testing and Evaluation Therapists in Illinois Psychology Today, Reporting under FOID Act | Illinois State Bar Association, I was denied a foid card because of a stay in a mental hospital , Violence Assessment and Intervention: The Practitioners , FOID was denied because I was admitted to the mental , FOID was denied because I was admitted to the mental hospital in middle school. endstream
endobj
152 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
!Y\!\\ #
Qualified examiner as defined in the Mental Health Code. However, the Confidentiality Act allows them to report patients who pose a clear and present danger or are determined to be developmentally disabled to the professionals employer, who then must report to DHS, within 24 hours of the determination. 5 0 obj @D)6hg#,v&"?axOBxh8@(lClzH0. hk\EJJhk=d0{P]qYvjyw,lcQzJb]VZyjSy^a~Xi{`RKuHE9m?Bit!L!O! ago), FOID Appeal Requirements (Intellectually or Developmentally Disabled), Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) Card Act (430 ILCS 65/), Public Act 095-0564 which amended the FOID Card ActSection 10 amends the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Confidentiality Act (740 ILCS 110/12), FOID: Appeals, hearing; relief from firearm prohibitions (430 ILCS 65/10), Firearm Concealed Carry Act (430 ILCS 66/), Extreme Risk Protection Orders to Reduce Firearms Violence William Frizzell, M.D. You will need: A valid Illinois driver's license or identification card number, A photograph showing your head and shoulders that was taken in the last 30 days (like a passport photo), and A $10.00 fee. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z endstream
endobj
160 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Start with your legal issue to find the right lawyer for you. The way I interpret the process, the psychiatrist giving the opinion if they are doing a thorough job has to attest that they have reviewed EVERYTHING in a persons mental health treatment history. One source of confusion for practitioners is the conflict between statutes as to how a professional can fulfill his or her duty to report. A mental health admission under 5 years ago, A Clear & Present Danger Determination under 5 years, A Developmental/Intellectual Disability, A misdemeanor pursuant to Section 8 (k) of the FOID Act, or If you are a Law Enforcement Officer revoked pursuant to Section 8 (e) seeking expedited relief. Among mental health facilities, confusion arose as to whether a facility must report both the admission of an individual and an instance when the patient is determined to pose a clear and present danger. l2Isr**`\y@cB]Bt
LL,L)pY>\y <> Dr. Kessler is an expert in the area of professional ethics and has trained many mental health providers on relevant aspects of the FOID and concealed carry laws in Illinois. This certification must be completed by a physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner as defined in 405 ILCS 5/1-122. endstream
endobj
147 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
)
2WW|4kt~|P#NBJmEbOL[
endstream
endobj
168 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
IDHS then cross-references persons to the ISP FOID database for matches, which are then reported to the Illinois State Police. In the best of times (i.e., pre-COVID) it is my understanding that FSB was understaffed. Robert H. Hanafords Avvo Top Contributor Badges, Workers' Compensation Lawyer in Chicago, IL, Personal Injury Lawyer in Springfield, IL, This lawyer was disciplined by a state licensing authority in. You are NOT required to appeal at this time. (Cont'd.) Ineligible if applicant: Has been a patient in a mental health facility in the past 5 years If more than 5 years, provide separate documentation "Mental health facility" meansbasically everywhere Has an intellectual disability, a mental disability or a developmental disability Mental Health Certification For Firearm Possession - FOID Card https://ispfsb.com/Public/Firearms/FOID/MentalHealthCert.pdf Instructions: 1. is an independent forensic-clinical psychology practice providing specialized evaluation and consultation services. The Harris Center For Mental Health And dd Human Resources, Kentuckiana Center For Addiction Medicine. 143 0 obj
<>
endobj
Generally speaking, a voluntary psychiatric hospitalization disqualifies someone from having a FOID card for 5 years, while an involuntary hospitalization disqualifies someone permanently. H4 ILLINOIS FIREARM OWNER'S IDENTIFICATION CARD EVALUATION. If a person is determined to be a clear and present danger during his or her admission to a mental health facility, both a report of an admission and a report of a clear and present danger must be made. [N
t[l6aA`RA+]Iph{fl?O L Kenneth H. Kessler, Ph.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist in the State of Illinois who has been practicing as a forensic psychologist since 1996. l2Is 7D-
performed a mental health evaluation of the petitioner prior to completing the form. Midwest Behavioral Risk Management, P.C. Mental Health - Voluntary Mental Health Admission Less than Five Years Ago, Mental Health - Voluntary Mental Health Admission More Than Five Years Ago, Mental Health - Involuntary Mental Health Admission. Certification of Evaluator . Forensic & Clinical Services Rod E. Hoevet, Psy.D. FOID (Firearm Owners Identification Card) forensic psychological evaluation is usually requested when the persons application for the firearm card was denied due to prior psychiatric inpatient treatment. Pursuant to statute, a mental health evaluation is required for possible reinstatement. H23754VH2P0P326E\i\z How to Register to Sign-upor Report an Individual, Persons that are determined to be a "Clear and Present Danger" to themselves or others, Persons that are determined to be Developmentally Disabled, Persons that are determined to be Intellectually Disabled. ISBA Members, please login to join this section. hbbd```b``[@$Gp0|#V=z{`; ,D2_$`49`v ~fm"`]0DN "@T!0%Gd
@ K(? .j+M3N-`]@m For applications received during the two-year period convictions (26.5%), mental health matters (20.3%), and crimes punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one denial were danger to self or others (45.5%) and not having a valid FOID card (30.4%). If you appeal and if you lose, the regulations require a two year wait to again appeal. LCPCs report under Illinois Department of Human Services. Your version needs scrubbed. endstream
endobj
155 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
In order for citizens of the State of Illinois to acquire or possess firearms, firearm ammunition, stun guns, or tasers, they must apply for and successfully be approved for possession of a Firearm Owners Identification Card (FOID). FOID (Firearm Owner's Identification Card) forensic psychological evaluation is usually requested when the person's application for the firearm card was denied due to prior psychiatric inpatient treatment. @D)6hg#,v&"?axOBxh8@(lClzH0. 4O2!"]sqVe
C#D}FF]m?_~qa~k8X \G~m~LOx!Wnwy#Rf?F"Mkr,{aWom^1X]3;\Mk-I[O
/. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z Search for lawyers by reviews and ratings. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z Mental health facilities must report to DHS within seven days after admission as an inpatient all persons who are prohibited from obtaining a FOID card, which includes the following: a person who has been a patient of a mental health facility within the past five years, a person who had been a patient in a mental health facility more than five years ago who has not received the certification required under Section 8(u) of the FOID Act, a person who is a clear and present danger to himself or herself, any other person or persons or the community, a person who is intellectually disabled, a person who has been adjudicated as a mentally disabled person, a person who has been found to be developmentally disabled, a person involuntarily admitted into a mental health facility. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z Find someone who does "FOID" appeals and "Administrative Law" You will have to have a risk analysis done by Clinical Psychologist. 18 July 2022, Frequently Asked Questions as to FOID Mental Health Reporting, Request for Investigation and Waiver of Liability, FOID Appeal Requirements (Non-Mental Health), FOID Appeal Requirements - Mental Health Prohibitor, Psychiatrist or Licensed Clinical Psychologist's Evaluation or Letter Requirements, Mental Health Certification for Firearm Possession (Mental Health Admission > 5 yrs. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z All right reserved. Certification of Evaluator . Instructions: 1. No attorney client relationship has been formed until you sign a representation agreement. endstream
endobj
165 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Post a free question on our public forum. The definition of a mental health facility is much broader under the FOID Act than the Mental Health Code. ajSc{.+A;-9M!~*Y!q]HOCx^\
^n"_n^$1^Y0?'pq ZzkGe\h U_MY:zy?qv@Hcwj,OZi01Xx~~jl$=}KPu{2d0{Ar{ kRp|5r-#sj5sm Z3y=M8k7];k8wva>y?Z]YMu^^Z{.O"s\>'|ZV]]eQc/|f'ui_m\ZJl4=I mkmtuM#+Zl@K5 $6,zdrY.W^ We provide thorough, timely, research-based
We recommend that you always check a lawyer's disciplinary status with their respective state bar association before hiring them. The letter itself is not all that complicated, but it does say theyve reviewed EVERYTHING or at least tried to. endstream
endobj
148 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
The Act was enacted for the purpose of restricting such individuals from possessing firearms. clinical experience involving evaluation and treatment with patients that have a mental illness. The report must be made within 24 hours of making the determination and must be made through the DHS FOID Reporting Systems Web site.2 Information regarding the individual must remain otherwise confidential and privileged. Practitioners are further confused by the requirement that any physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner report any individual who is determined to be developmentally disabled. The newsletter of the ISBAs Mental Health Law Section, https://foid.dhs.illinois.gov/foidpublic/foid/. endstream
endobj
166 0 obj
<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Comprehensive Psychological Evaluations in Legal Contexts. H4 His clients include hospitals, outpatient mental health clinics, and mental health professionals. We are now offering secure, virtual teleconferencing services for psychological evaluations and treatment. H2TH2P0P326E\i\z Best get a lawyer that understands this stuff and can compile the evidence. The identity of the reporter will not be disclosed to the subject of the report, i.e., the patient. XA'8:I0L`$B|V,OJ`NgcxhQ#atZ~>nA,4d`=[8wO PEL3p0r0e` '7
We conduct psychological evaluations to address the following: 2013. w)drM?Y\w3QZ2{; i+#^P34_GdyyW\u]HWvg}g9, %V'%0'.LGUmZv~L"4KXNkv>u63>rnx9ugOO`zAsN>Ym8?Z;G&ywzX>^duc0B-hgp9n!T,N\Cn:WRoWg-N\8~uq:n^fK:/
s^8l\f fO~r4{'I:K/Wlw#|%{&B,tT?Mp|e{aae. endstream
endobj
151 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Do not . endstream
endobj
164 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
@D)6hg#,v&"?axOBxh8@(lClzH0. Attorneys representing physicians, hospitals, therapists and other medical and mental health practitioners must be aware of the requirements under the Act to properly advise their clients as to how to satisfy their duty to report. Dr. Kessler will begin by discussing your situation with you (and/or your lawyer, if you have one) and determining the appropriate course of action to take with your evaluation. Jun 22, 2015. If you are under 21, you must have a parent or guardian sponsor who is eligible for a FOID card. F%_^+3y,tsq{1 =-Dc]ro@a;H1I#:m#@{zk$~
#}$Xk$kwH i'%U$) Z}7
8~PRvVE.~oaYm(R$;yoR_^,.mw}JgK'kk_/xy{vP~{L^$664xmhS[M3r>tTWSsLNi~}-z3~;__>wln{zjZ8Uew.'O^s{ng7QLTsc]_os0?. Intellectually disabled means significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning which exists concurrently with impairment in adaptive behavior and which originates before the age of 18 years. Developmentally disabled means a disability which is attributable to any other condition which results in impairment similar to that caused by an intellectual disability and which requires services similar to those required by intellectually disabled persons. The letter I received states that even though my treatment was more than 5 years ago, I have to have a . )
2WW|4kt~|P#NBJmEbOL[
We provide the following professional services: We provide services to a broad range of clients including: 2013. He has also conducted numerous fitness for duty and pre-employment evaluations of police officers. Joseph T. Monahan, MSW, JD, ACSW is the founding partner of Monahan Law Group, LLC, in Chicago, which focuses its practice in mental health, confidentiality, guardianship, probate, and health care law. Copyright Specialized Forensic Unit LLC. 1. !Y\!\\ #
We conduct psychological evaluations to address the following: Mental Health - Voluntary Mental Health Admission Less than Five Years Ago Mental Health - Voluntary Mental Health Admission More Than Five Years Ago Mental Health - Involuntary Mental Health Admission Clear and Present Danger I would recommend that you have the psychiatrist currently treating you to fill out the appeals paperwork, because they should know all this to be optimally treating you. For the purpose of reporting to DHS under the FOID Act, a mental health facility includes any licensed private hospital or hospital affiliate, institution, facility or part thereof, which provides treatment of persons with mental illness. There is no language in the Act to clarify this issue. endstream
endobj
169 0 obj
<>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, A licensed clinical professional counselor with a master's or doctoral degree in counseling or psychology or a similar master's or doctorate program from a regionally accredited institution who has at least 3 years of supervised postmaster's clinical professional counseling experience that includes the provision of mental health services for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders. Additionally, the physician, clinical psychologist or qualified examiner making determinations about the patient, and his or her employer, may not be held criminally, civilly or professionally liable for making or not making the notifications required under the Confidentiality Act, Mental Health Code or FOID Act, except for willful or wanton misconduct. .
Intentional Communities Northern California,
Medcezir Capitulo 1 Latino,
Shelbyville, Tn Horse Show 2021,
Steve Hansen Ex Wife,
Articles M
| how did suleika jaouad meet jon batiste | |||
| which of these best describes the compromise of 1877? | |||