Technol Cancer Res Treat. Othman et al. Im HI, Kenny PJ. PubMed Central 2003;11:346. Article Smythe JW, Costall B. Toxicol Sci. Int J Radiat Biol. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Int J Radiat Biol. 2013;89:11007. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. 2 Researchers have been working. 2013;23:306. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Behav Brain Res. Zhang et al. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. 1996;93:46938. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2012;62:22336. PubMed Dasdag et al. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. 2008;29:52738. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Iran J Public Health. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Am J Epidemiol. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. 2011;174:211. Wang et al. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Xu et al. Google Scholar. 2009;4:e4389. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015;51:15865. 1994;10:13548. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Behav Brain Res. 1992;6:379. J Natl Cancer Inst. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . However,. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. By using this website, you agree to our The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. California Privacy Statement, Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Finally, Hardell et al. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. 2017;52:23947. PubMed Central These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. CAS Wang Q, Cao Z. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. 2016;397:2239. 2014;53:22230. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. 2015;91:55561. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2007;34:146779. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. statement and 2013;34:58998. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2010;3:4650. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 2014;9:e95503. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. 1999;4:102. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2017;326:291. 2006;27:295306. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Megha et al. Correspondence to Gold PE. Int J Radiat Biol. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2004;155:3743. PubMed Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. 2004;996:8996. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. J Pharm Sci. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Physiol Behav. Nature. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Brain Res. Neuroscience. Behav Brain Res. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Neurotoxicology. radiations. 2015;140:23646. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. [42] found similar results. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). CAS Mack et al. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. J Radiat Proc. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Google Scholar. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. PubMed Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Arch Environ Health. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Part of RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. 2005;25:10190201. JAMA. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Terms and Conditions, 2012;25:1828. 2001;12:72931. 2014:125. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Article They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2010;2010. 2015;148:150. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. PubMed The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2014;90:2935. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. 2009;27:556572. Behav Brain Res. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. 1988;9:33745. P Nat Acad. Acta Neurol Belg. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Trends Cell Biol. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 1975;148:1723. Annu Rev Physiol. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. 2003;80:194210. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Dasdag et al. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2009;63:10106. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 2017;38:106976. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. J Neuro. 2005;161:3314. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Cosquer et al. eliminating microwave and RF sources.
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