a. Cutaneous receptors are a type of __________. - Filiform Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. b. oval window. 6. Proprioceptive and kinesthetic signals come from limbs. They are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that sense deep, transient (not prolonged) pressure, and high-frequency vibration. -Uses photopsin. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? d. K+, What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve? - Auditory tube. Order the layers of the eye from superficial to deep. They induce pain. Order these structures from superficial to deep. b. spiral organ. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. what ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? d. Stapes, 5. oval window This page titled 36.3: Somatosensation - Somatosensory Receptors is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Boundless. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli and are the basis for olfaction and gustation. d. Lacrimal punctum b. inferior colliculus. Solve a concrete slab is reinforced by 16mm16 -\mathrm{mm}16mm-diameter steel rods placed on 180mm180-\mathrm{mm}180mm centers as shown. Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate whether each statement is associated with rods or cones. This function The receptive fields of Merkels disks are small with well-defined borders. Lies deep to dermis. -Semicircular canals Which cells of the dermis detect pressure? Gustatory cells have a __________ lifespan. transparent & avascular Specific types of receptors called _____ detect stimuli in the internal organs. Touch and pressure are sensed by four types of mechanoreceptors ( Figure 8-1 ). The distribution of touch receptors in human skin is not consistent over the body. 4. endolymph of cochlear duct 1) Fibrous tunic 4) Bipolar cells. d. the lens is slow to accommodate. 5 - A pressure wave in the endolymph of the cochlear duct displaces a specific region of the basilar membrane. Hearing and balance are also sensed by mechanoreceptors. Fill in the blanks. b. Visceral pain can be so great that it causes somatic pain. 2. Endolymph has a __________ sodium and __________ potassium concentration. d. cochlear nucleus. A free nerve ending, as its name implies, is an unencapsulated dendrite of a sensory neuron. Treated by convex lens. Receptors are spread throughout the body, with large numbers found in the skin. Ruffini's end organs detect tension deep in the skin. Opaque: 4. Drag and drop the labels into the appropriate location on the figure. There are multiple types of mechanoreceptors in the skin that are activated by different types of touch stimuli The receptive field size differs among the types of mechanoreceptors The adaptation rate differs among the types of mechanoreceptors Receptive field is a region of skin that activate a given mechanoreceptor As tears drain through the lacrimal caruncle they enter small holes called the lacrimal __________. Merkel's disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. 6. perilymph of scala tympani -Tensor tympani muscle Merkels disks are found in the upper layers of skin near the base of the epidermis, both in skin that has hair and on glabrous skin; that is, the hairless skin found on the palms and fingers, the soles of the feet, and the lips of humans and other primates. -Epiglottis, a. Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas, Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma? Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. detect deep pressure, vibration, position. What structure is the dividing line between the anterior and posterior chambers? Which type of corpuscles detect pressure? 2. a. Bony labyrinth Neurons are not physically connected, but communicate via neurotransmitters secreted into synapses or gaps between communicating neurons. The relative density of pressure receptors in different locations on the body can be demonstrated experimentally using a two-point discrimination test. b. tympanic membrane. - Saccule. d. Astigmatism, What may be the cause of hyperopia? - Utricle. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Three types of receptors detect touch: Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, and free nerve endings. Which are examples of both somatic and visceral sensory receptors? Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. The pathways between sensory receptors and SI are modality specific and are anatomically and electrophysiologically distinct. Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? d. semicircular ducts. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Pain, temperature, mechanical deformation, Epidermaldermal junction, mucosal membranes, Papillary dermis, especially in the fingertips and lips, Deep dermis, subcutaneous tissue, joint capsules, Deep pressure, high-frequency vibration (around 250 Hz), Wrapped around hair follicles in the dermis, Describe different types of sensory receptors. Tonic receptors are slow adapting receptors. Which of the following are examples of encapsulated receptors? Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. In a taste bud the basal cells replace the __________ cells. name and arguments, use TriCirc (A, B, C). Humans can perceive various types of sensations, and with this information, our motor movement is determined. - They are immobile. d. Axons of glanglion cells from the retina of the left eye, Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens? A sensation occurs when neural impulses from these receptors reach the cerebral cortex. Destruction or atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium, Cornea or lens not uniformly curved and image is not sharply focused, Excessive pressure buildup in the aqueous humor. - Provides for eye shape - Is made of dense connective tissue Order these structures from superficial to deep. Cones: 3. Which of the following are true of an acoustic neuroma? They will respond to the stimulus as long as it persists, and produce a continuous frequency of action potentials. For example, have you ever stretched your muscles before or after exercise and noticed that you can only stretch so far before your muscles spasm back to a less stretched state? After turning on a bright light in a previously dark room, it is difficult to see for a brief time. 2. perilymph of scala vestibule * nicotine. The Slowly Adapting type 2 (SA2) mechanoreceptors, with the Ruffini corpuscle end-organ (also known as the bulbous corpuscles ), detect tension deep in the skin and fascia and respond to skin stretch, but have not been closely linked to either proprioceptive or mechanoreceptive roles in perception. Which layer of the retina provides vitamin A for the photoreceptor cells? Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. b. Pigmented layer of retina Action potentials triggered by receptor cells, however, are indirect. Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. Capsaicin molecules bind to a transmembrane ion channel in nociceptors that is sensitive to temperatures above 37C. They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Receptors are biological transducers that convert energy from both external and internal environments into electrical impulses. Stimuli are of three general types. The lacrimal caruncle is on the __________ side of the eye. a. hair cells. d. basilar membrane and vestibular membrane. - Fungiform. Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors? f. Choroid g. Primary visual cortex, a. *Semicircular canals The most obvious omission from this list is balance. In other words, they are detecting _________ The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. -Cornea The sweetener known as stevia can replace glucose in food. Localization and sensitivity are easily determined in a __________ receptive field. Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Related to these are Golgi tendon organs, which are tension receptors that detect the force of muscle contraction. Somatosensation belongs to the general senses, which are those sensory structures that are distributed throughout the body and in the walls of various organs. Begins in the oval window Transduction refers to . These receptors transmit information along the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) to the central nervous system. The nociceptive receptorsthose that detect painare located near the surface. The junction of the palpebral and ocular conjunctive is called the: Which of the following are a part of the fibrous tunic? Several distinct receptor types form the somatosensory system including thermoreceptors (heat), nociceptors (pain), and mechanoreceptors (pressure). Mechanoreceptors are part of the nervous system that detect changes in movement or pressure. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue, Chapter 13. These include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O 2, pH, and osmolality. In this chapter we will discuss the general senses which include pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception. 1 - Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate. Sensory receptors respond to: light touch: tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, in dermal papil- lae. interoceptors Place the three regions of the ear in order from lateral to medial: - external ear - inner ear - middle ear 1. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord may result in quadriplegia, or paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. These receptors are the main sensory cells in the tactile system. c. Hyperopia Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear. If this graded post-synaptic potential is strong enough to reach threshold it will trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. 3. The center of the retina is a pit called the ____________ . This redesigned and updated new edition offers a comprehensive introductory survey of basic clinical health care skills for learners entering health care programs or for those that think they may be interested in pursuing a career in health care. There are three classes of mechanoreceptors: tactile, proprioceptors, and baroreceptors. Which type of receptors do not exhibit adaptation? b. sensations. Merkels disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. c. primary auditory cortex. View ANAPHY SPECIAL SENSE NOTES.docx from NUR 123 at University of Manila. Pacini corpuscles are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. b. Despite the rapidly growing popularity of laser vision correction (LVC) in the correction of myopia, its quantitative evaluation has not been thoroughly investigated. d. Reduced lens flexibility, Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. c. It opens Na+ channels. We tend to classify receptors according to the location or origin of the stimulus: Exteroceptorsrespond to stimuli from outside the body - vision, sound, touch, smell, temperature, pain etc. What structure transforms one type of energy into a different type of energy? An individual sensory modality represents the sensation of a specific type of stimulus. In humans, touch receptors are less dense in skin covered with any type of hair, such as the arms, legs, torso, and face. They are a cutaneous receptor found in the dermis or epidermis. Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. d. oval window. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli and are the basis for most aspects of somatosensation, as well as being the basis of audition and equilibrium in the inner ear. c. A short eyeball Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Krause end bulbs are all encapsulated. Another way that receptors can be classified is based on their location relative to the stimuli. Consider the following figure, where three forces are applied to a block of mass 2 kg, initially at rest. What do stretch receptors do? 2. round window They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. 5. basilar membrane Thirdly, the functional classification is based on how the cell transduces the stimulus into a neural signal. Below the epidermis and dermis is the subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis, the fatty layer that contains blood vessels, connective tissue, and the axons of sensory neurons. - Utricle In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ________ of the eye. g - Medial geniculate nucleus. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. b. tympanic membrane. c. Cl- 7. basilar membrane, What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? Trans-retinal is reconverted to cis-retinal c. hair cells of spiral organ. b. Pinna Tags: Question 22 . The bipolar cells do not stimulate the ganglion cells. detect hearing and balance. Both primary somatosensory cortex and secondary cortical areas are responsible for processing the complex picture of stimuli transmitted from the interplay of mechanoreceptors. a. bony and membranous labyrinths. _____ corpuscles in the dermis detect pressure, whereas _____ corpuscles in the dermis detect fine touch. E-Book Overview INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE, 3E provides learners with an easy-to-read foundation in the profession of health care. 4. vestibular membrane 4. Excerpt Our somatosensory system has three basic types of sensory receptors that detect different types of external stimuli. What does the molecular similarity of stevia to glucose mean for the gustatory sense. (Consider that the deep pressure that reaches those deeper receptors would not need to be finely localized.) a. Semicircular canal What lobe of the brain processes auditory information? Cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, iris, lens, choroid, ciliary body, vitreous humor. (Gauge pressure is the difference between the actual pressure and atmospheric pressure.). Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? For example, the general sense of touch, which is known as somatosensation, can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temperature, or hair movement. Ruffini endings are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch and are present in both the glabrous and hairy skin. Ruffini endings detect stretch, deformation within joints, and warmth. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of sensory receptors that extend from the central nervous system (CNS) to communicate with other parts of the body. The bulbous corpuscles (also known as Ruffini endings) detect tension deep in the skin and fascia. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, creating a receptor potential. The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. a. medial geniculate nucleus. Deeper in the dermis, near the base, are Ruffini endings, which are also known as bulbous corpuscles. Touch receptors are denser in glabrous skin (the type found on human fingertips and lips, for example), which is typically more sensitive and is thicker than hairy skin (4 to 5 mm versus 2 to 3 mm). Which of the following are examples of olfactory cells? Meissner corpuscles are the mechanoreceptorslocated in the dermis that detect deep pressure and stretch. 1. endolymph of cochlear duct What is the function of the auditory ossicles? *Basilar membrane. The input arguments are vectors e. Sclera When strong enough to reach threshold they can directly trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. b. 6. perilymph of scala tympani Incus 6. perilymph of scala tympani Meissner's corpuscles respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations, and Pacinian corpuscles detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations. Gustatory cells are found in taste __________. Through which cranial nerves does gustatory information travel? Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. They are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. ; Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a . c) Cold. Unconscious proprioceptive signals run from the spinal cord to the cerebellum, the brain region that coordinates muscle contraction, rather than to the thalamus, like most other sensory information. - DARK * glutamate, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? : The Merkel nerve endings (also known as Merkel discs) detect sustained pressure. What is the most numerous type of receptor? This information is detected by sensory receptors in our muscles, ligaments, and joints, and then processed through the central nervous system. Mt. b. Acetylcholine They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. b. vestibular cells. What is another name for the cochlear duct? Stretch receptors are found at various sites in the digestive and urinary systems. b. The receptors for the vestibular sense are hair cells within the inner ear (vestibule). Changes in the external and internal environment are called: Order these structures in the order that the tears travel through them/, 1) Lacrimal puncta Hearing and balance are also sensed by mechanoreceptors. The receptive fields of Merkels disks are small, with well-defined borders. These sensory receptors are known as the cutaneous receptors and they are found in the epidermis and dermis of the skin. Pain is primarily a chemical and sometimes mechanical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or intense mechanical stimuli, through a nociceptor. Which of the following are functions of the inner ear? In 2009, an eruption threw solid volcanic rocks that landed 1km1 \mathrm{~km}1km horizontally from the crater. They are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that sense deep transient (but not prolonged) pressure and high-frequency vibration. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. Interoceptorsor visceroceptorsrespond to stimuli arising within the body such as chemical stimuli, deep pressure, and many others. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. Mechanoreceiving free nerve endings detect touch, pressure, and stretching. __________ pain is a sensation associated with a body part that has been removed. Other somatosensory receptors are found in the joints and muscles. d. Cone Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is false? c.primary auditory cortex. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System, Chapter 12. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and limb position. Merkels disks are densely distributed in the fingertips and lips. c. Nasal cavity Overlapping between Wound Healing Occurring in Tumor Growth and in Central Nervous System Neurodegenerative Diseases. In this study, we present a novel fiducial point extraction algorithm to detect c and d points from the acceleration photoplethysmogram (APG), namely "CnD". c. basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. They are found in the walls of the carotid artery and the aorta where they monitor blood pressure, and in the lungs where they detect the degree of lung expansion. There are a few types of hair receptors that detect slow and rapid hair movement, and they differ in their sensitivity to movement. Figure1. Hair follicle receptors: detect light . Cis-retinal is transformed to trans-retinal Treated with concave lens. An uneven cornea Write True if the statement is true. The suspensory ligaments connect the __________ to the ciliary muscles. Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels? What was the author's purpose? Free nerve endings are usually found in the: The semicircular canals are continuous in the: The area that a receptor cell gathers information from is called the: - Semicircular canals A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from ________ rod(s), Each cone synapses with ______ ganglion cell(s), Cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, vascular tunic, Name the order of the passage of light through the eyeball: A detached retina is caused by a separation between which two layers? The major cutaneous receptors that are found in the dermis and. 4. e. stapes. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. Some thermoreceptors are sensitive to just cold and others to just heat. Which terms indicate a receptor type that is classified by its modality of stimulus? 5. oval window e. Tensor tympani muscle Somatosensation is also known as tactile sense, or more familiarly, as the sense of touch. In the eye, the __________ humor is gelatinous. Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. The vitreous body is also called the vitreous __________. The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the ________ papillae. Which of the following are correct names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx? Some transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. c. Axons of ganglion cells from the retina of the right eye Sensory receptors in the utricle detect the position of the: __________ occurs when impulses from an organ are perceived as originating from the skin. detect deep touch. Air that initially occupies 0.140 m at a gauge pressure of 103.0 kPa is expanded isothermally to a pressure of 101.3 kPa and then cooled at constant pressure until it reaches its initial volume. 2 - Auditory canal Also located in the dermis of the skin are lamellated and tactile corpuscles, neurons with encapsulated nerve endings that respond to pressure and touch. -Aqueous humor, Indicate whether each item is composed of transparent (clear) material through which light passes, or if the item is an opaque structure not involved in the transmission of light. *Vestibular These two modalities use thermoreceptors and nociceptors to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. During hearing, the last structure(s) to vibrate is/are the Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. What type of receptor detects changes in light? What are receptors for the general senses? Hence, correlation and prediction of biococentration factors (BCFs) based on max and vibration frequencies of various bonds viz (C-H) and (C=C) of biphenyl and its fifty-seven derivatives have been made. Q. To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______. Use the function with the points (1.5, 3), (9, 10.5), What structure makes up the posterior portion of the fibrous tunic? 3 - Tympanic membrane 3. vestibular membrane Middle ear 3. Pacinian corpuscles: Pacinian corpuscles, such as these visualized using bright field light microscopy, detect pressure (touch) and high-frequency vibration. deep pressure and vibration: lamellar (Pacinian) corpus- cles, in reticular layer. In this demonstration, two sharp points, such as two thumbtacks, are brought into contact with the subjects skin (though not hard enough to cause pain or break the skin). ; baroreceptor: A nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure. b. Unencapsulated OR Encapsulated Tactile Receptor: After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the. d. Tactile corpuscles Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.
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