In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. [19], Military dictatorships are regimes in which military officers hold power, determine who will lead the country, and exercise influence over policy. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Duterte is the perfect example of a . Syria - Well, it depends. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. Single-party dictatorships: 5. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. Early African dictatorships were primarily personalist socialist dictatorships, in which a single socialist would take power instead of a ruling party. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. What are the countries with a democracy government? [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. Various forms of dictatorship have been a context in which social and behavioral sciences (SBS) have been developing through most of the twentieth century. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. Nearly half of dictatorships start as a military coup, though others have been started by foreign intervention, elected officials ending competitive elections, insurgent takeovers, popular uprisings by citizens, or legal maneuvering by autocratic elites to take power within their government. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. [129], Several factors determine the stability of a dictatorship, and they must maintain some degree of popular support to prevent resistance groups from growing. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is. Power is enforced through a steadfast collaboration between the government and a highly developed ideology. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. The deadliest dictatorships are discussed below. Too Much Power. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. The legislature must be popularly elected. Italy's Mussolini. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. Source by babeltravel. Adolf Hitler - WORST DICTATOR. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. Uganda. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. 1. Dictatorships arise through violence or non-violent means, but they almost always result in the loss of liberties, corruption, and human rights abuses. [according to whom? In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. " They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. Below are 10 African country that are still under dictatorship. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. Kim Jong-Il (1.6 million deaths) Kim Jong-il in 2010. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. A dictatorship is a type of government in which a single personthe dictatoror party has absolute power. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. Imelda Marcos. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. Organized opposition is a threat to the stability of a dictatorship, as it seeks to undermine public support for the dictator and calls for regime change. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Monarchies: 3. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. When necessary, a dictator may also make an effort to replace or amend the nation's constitution to empower, enrich, or otherwise benefit the dictator and his/her allies to a greater degree. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. Equatorial Guinea. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. 1. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. 3. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . 1. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. #SOSCuba. Political culture: 5.00. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President Unfortunately, democracy is still shaky in many countries, a number of which are fighting violent religious insurrections, and the likelihood of any fallen dictator being quickly replaced by another dictator is high. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. Dictators are usually backed (especially financially) by groups of powerful people. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. [124], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. - Quora Answer (1 of 66): I will give the country names as well as who the dictator is. African Dictators This instability in turn required rulers to become increasingly authoritarian to stay in power, further propagating dictatorship in Africa. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. [89] Military coups were also a common occurrence after decolonisation, with 14 African countries experiencing at least three successful military coups between 1959 and 2001. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. Political participation: 2.22. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. While common in the 20th century, the prominence of military dictatorships declined in the 1970s and 1980s. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics.
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